 | Term | Definition |
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sociological perspective(imagination) |
a new way of viewing the world, that stresses the social context in which people live, it enables us to see the connection between history and biography |
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society |
a group of people who share a culture and a territory |
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social location |
the corners in life that people occupuy because of where they are located in a society |
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biography |
an individual's specific esperiences |
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external influences |
our experiences |
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science |
requires the development of theories that can be tested by research |
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scientific method |
using objective, systematic observations to test theories |
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positivism |
the idea of applying the scientific method to the social world, proposed by Auguste Comte |
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Auguste Compte(1978-1857) |
credited as the founder of sociology, began to analyze the bases of the social order. Although he stressed that the scientific method should be applied to the study of society, he did not apply it himself. |
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Herbert Spencer(1820-1903) |
sometimes called the second founder of sociology, coined the term "survival of the fittest, thought that helping the poor was wrong, that this merely helped the "less fit" survive, his views became known as social darwinism |
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Karl Marx(1818-1883) |
believed that the root of human misery lie in class conflict, the exploitaiton of workers by those who own the means of production(bourgeoisie). social change, in the form of the overthrow of the capitalists by the workers(proletariat), was inevitable from his perspective. Although he did not consider himself a sociologist, his ideas have influenced many sociologists, particularly conflict theorists. |
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Emile Durkheim(1858-1917) |
french sociologist that contributed many important concepts to sociology. his comparison of the suicuide rates of several countries revealed an underlying social factor: people are more likely to commit suicide if their ties to others in their communities are weak. his identification of the key role of social integration in in social life remains central to sociology today. |
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social integration |
the degree to which people are tied to their social group |
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Max Weber(1864-1920) |
early sociologist who left a profound impression on sociology. he used cross-cultural and historical materials to trace the causes of social change and to determine how social groups affect poople's orientations to life, coined the terms protestant ethic and spirit of capitalism |
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protestant ethic |
the self denying approach to life(financial success was a sign god was on their side so they began to live frugal lives saving their money) |
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spirit of capitalism |
the readyness to invest capital in order to make more money |
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Harriet Martineau(1802-1876) |
she is known for translating Compte's ideas into english, became an advocate for the abolition of slavery, traveled widely, and worte extensive analyses of social life |
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Jane Adams(1860-1935) |
cowinner of the nobel peace prize, the only sociologist to win the award, worked on behalf of poor immigrants. she founded Hull-house, a center to help immigrants in Chicago. she was a leader in womes's rights as well as the peace movement in WWI |
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WEB DuBois(1868-1963) |
studied relations between African Americans and whites, combined the role of academic sociologist with that of social reformer, was editor of Crisis and influential journal at the time |
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structure |
how x is composed, constituted, ordered, formed, skeleton, framework |
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function |
how x operates, purpose, consequence |
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empericism |
you know and understand the world through observation and experience |
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induction |
particular to general |
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deduction |
general to particular |
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protestant |
anti babtist(adult babtism and separation of church and state) nonviolent resistance |
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tenet |
ruled belief |
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operational definition of suicuide |
knowingly taking ones own life |
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4 types of suicuide |
egoistic(not connected), alturistic(good of group), fatalistic(life physically controlled), anomic(chaos) |
