 | Term | Definition |
| |
mixotroph |
an organism that combines both photosynthetic and heterotrophic means of nutrition. |
| |
endosymbiosis |
a process in which unicellular organisms engulfed other cells, which became endosymbiants and eventually organelles in the host cell. gave rise to red and green algae. |
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secondary endosymbiosis |
a process in which algae were ingested by heterotrophic eukaryotes. the organism's plastid now has four membranes: two from the cyanobacterium, one from the alga's plasma membrane, and one from the eukaryote's food vacuole. |
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plastid |
a chloroplast prior to chlorophyll |
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paraphyletic |
the term that describes protists (monophyletic, paraphyletic, polyphyletic) |
| |
dinoflagellates |
group of protists that form "blooms", can be toxic. make up phytoplankton and can be bioluminescent. |
| |
coenocytic |
no cell partitions, "super cell". |
| |
chimeras |
eukaryotes are genetic ____, they havae combined genomes of at least three different prokayroyes. |
| |
charophyceans |
lineage of green algae that are most closely related to land plants. |
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secondary biochemical pathways |
pathways in plants which produce chemicals which deter predators. |
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introns |
component of genetic makeup which all land plants contain except liverworts. |
| |
desiccation |
loss of water availabilty |
| |
cuticle |
waxy layer on epidermal surface aiding in preventing water loss. |
| |
multicellular gametangia |
adaptation in land plants assisting in the protection of the egg. |
| |
multicellular dependent embryo |
adaptation in land plants allowing the plant not to send its sporophyte out right away. |
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embryophyte |
an organism that does not send its sporophyte out right away. |
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endomycorrhizae |
plant and fungal symbiosis |
| |
lignin |
secondary chemical, a component of cell walls (makes wood sturdy, allows plants to grow tall). |
| |
sporopollenin |
secondary chemical, compound found in the walls of walled spores. |
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tracheids |
long, skinny type of xylem found in all vascular plants. |
| |
vessels |
short, fat type of xylem found in angiosperms only. |
| |
sieve tube members |
anucleate cells found in phloem |
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companion cells |
cells found in phloem that assist the seive tube members by producing components an anuclate cell needs. |
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sporophyte |
a phase in alteration of generations featuring a multicellular diploid organism that meiotically produces spores. |
| |
gametophyte |
a phase in alteration of generations featuring a multicellular haploid organism that produces games through mitosis. |
| |
homospory |
a condition in which the plant produces one type of spore. |
| |
heterospory |
a condition in which the plant produces microspores and megaspores. |
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thallus |
a leaf-like structure with no vascular connection. |
| |
rhizoids |
a root-like structure with no vascular connection. |
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enations |
flaps of tissue on vascular plants, but do not contain vascular connections. |
| |
microphyll |
formation of enation, later vascular supply grows into it. |
| |
megaphyll |
branched vascular system, characterized by overtopping, planation, and webbing. |
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seed |
immature sporophyte + food source + protective coat. |
| |
gymnosperms |
classication of plant which produce seeds which are "naked" (unenclosed) |
| |
angiosperms |
classification of plant which produces seeds which are enclosed in an ovary which later develops into a fruit. |
| |
rossette cellulose-synthesizing complex |
rose-shaped array of proteins which make cellulose. used as evidence linking charophyceans and land plats. |
| |
peroxisome |
organelle which converts oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. enzymes found in the organelle are used to link charophyceans and land plats. |
| |
flagelated sperm |
a characterstic of gametes used to link charophyceans and land plants. |
| |
phragmoplast |
vesicles layed across the midline of dividing cells. used as evidence linking charophyceans and land plants. |
| |
apical meristems |
localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots. |
| |
spores |
reproductive cells that can develop into another organism without fusing with another cell. |
| |
sporangia |
multicellular organs that produce spores |
| |
sporocytes |
also known as spore mother cells, undergo meiosis and generate haploid spores. |
| |
gametangia |
multicellular organs which produce gametes. |
| |
archagonia |
female gametangia. vase-shaped and produce a single egg. |
| |
antheridia |
male gametangia. produce and release sperm into the environment. |
| |
bryophytes |
informal name for non-vascular plants. |
| |
protonema |
branced, one-cell thick filaments produced off of germinating moss spores. enhances absorption of water. |
| |
gametophore |
a protonema branches and forms a _____. together this structure and a protonema make the moss gametophyte. |
| |
roots |
organs that anchor vascular plants and enable them to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. |
| |
leaves |
organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants for photosynthesis. |
| |
sporophylls |
modified leaves that bear sporangia |
| |
sori |
clusters of sporangia, found on ferns. (plural) |
| |
Carboniferous |
a great formation including ferns, horsetails, and tree lycophytes. |
| |
dependent |
the sporophyte of a non-vascular plant (dependent or independent). |
| |
independent |
the gametophyte of a vascular seedless plant (dependent or independent). |
| |
dependent |
the gametophyte of a seed plant (dependent or independent). |
| |
integuments |
layers of sporophyte tissue that envelop and protect the megasporangium in gymnosperms. |
| |
ovule |
the structure composed of a megasporangium, megaspore, and their integuments. |
| |
pollen grains |
microspores develop into ____(s), which contain the male gametophytes of seed plants. |
| |
conifers |
cone-bearing plants |
| |
sepal |
enclose the flower before it opens. |
| |
petals |
modified leaves which are usually bright in color to attract pollinators. |
| |
stamens |
microsporophylls in angiosperms which produce microspores that give rise to pollen grains containing male gametophytes. |
| |
filament |
the stalk of a stamen |
| |
anther |
the site of pollen production on a stamen. |
| |
carpel |
megasporophylls, which make megaspores and their products, female gametophytes. |
| |
stigma |
tip of carpel which recieves the pollen. |
| |
style |
leads to the ovary at the base of a carpel |
| |
ovary |
the base of a carpel, contains ovule(s). |
| |
receptacle |
the part of the stem which the organs are attached. |
| |
fruit |
typically consists of a mature ovary containing seeds. |
| |
pericarp |
the thickened wall of a fruit, used to be the ovary. |
| |
cross-pollination |
transfer of pollen from an anther to to the stigma of another plant. |
| |
micropyle |
pore in the integuments of the ovule |
| |
double fertilization |
unique to angiosperms, term used to describe one sperm fusing with the egg, while the other fuses with two nuclei in the large central cell of the famale gametophyte. |
| |
embryo sac |
another term for female gametophyte. |
| |
cotyledon |
a seed leaf |
| |
endosperm |
tissue rich in starch for the developing embryo in an angiosperm. |
| |
pollen cone |
in gymnosperms, contains many microsporangia held in sporophylls. |
| |
ovulate cone |
in gymnosperms, contains the megasporangium. |
| |
monocots |
species with one cotyledon |
| |
dicot |
species with two cotyledons |
| |
basal angiosperms |
lacks vessels - earliest ancestor |
| |
parallel |
leaf venation in monocots |
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scattered |
vascular tissue arrangment in stems of monocots |
| |
fibrous |
root system in monocots (fibrous or tap root) |
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one |
number of openings in pollen grain of monocots |
| |
three |
floral organs in sets of ___ in monocots |
| |
netlike |
leaf venation in eudicots |
| |
ring |
vascular arrangement in eudicot stems |
| |
taproot |
root system in eudicots |
| |
three |
number of openings in pollen grains of eudicots |
| |
four or five |
floral organs in sets of ___ in eudicots. |
| |
embryo sac |
famale gametophyte in an angiosperm |
| |
pollen grain |
male gametophyte in an angiosperm |
| |
incomplete flower |
a flower lacking on one or more reproductive organs |
| |
monoecious |
staminate and carpellate flowers on the same plant |
| |
dioecious |
staminate and carpellate fllowers on seperate plants |
| |
staminate |
flower with only functional stamens |
| |
carpillate |
flowers with only functional carpels |
| |
pin |
a type of flower with long carpels and short staments |
| |
thrum |
a type of flower with short carpels and long stamens. |
| |
outcrossing |
mating/fertilization by different indivdual |
| |
selfing |
self-fertilization in plants |
| |
nodes |
areas of leaf attachment to the stem |
| |
internodes |
areas between regions of leaf attachment to the stem |
| |
apical dominance |
the trend in plants describing the removal of the terminal bud stimulating growth of axillary buds, proucing more lateral shoots. |
| |
root |
organ in which vascular tissue is distributed in a cylinder |
| |
shoot |
organ in which vascular tissue is distributed in bundles |
| |
pith |
ground tissue internal to vascular system |
| |
cortex |
ground tissue external to vascular system |
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