 | Term | Definition |
| |
blasto |
germ or bud |
| |
chromo chromato |
color |
| |
chylo |
juice |
| |
hemo hemato |
blood |
| |
immuno |
safe |
| |
lympho |
clear fluid |
| |
morpho |
form |
| |
phago |
eat or swallow |
| |
plaso |
formation |
| |
reticulo |
a net/ immature |
| |
spleno |
spleen |
| |
thrombo |
clot |
| |
thymo |
thymus gland |
| |
plasma |
liquid portion of the blood and lymph containing water, protein, cellular components |
| |
serum |
liquid portion of the blood left after clotting |
| |
erythrocyte |
red blood cell, which transports oxygen and CO2 |
| |
hemoglobin |
protein-iron compound contained in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and CO2 |
| |
leukocyte |
white blood cell, which protects the body from invading harmful substances |
| |
granulocytes |
a group of leukocytes containing granules in the cytoplasm |
| |
neutrophil |
a granular leukocyte, named for the neutral stain of its granules, that fights infection by swallowing bacteria (phagocytosis) |
| |
polymorphonuclear leukocyte |
another term for neutrophil, named for the many segments present in its nucleus |
| |
band |
an immature neutrophil |
| |
eosinophil |
a granular leukocyte, named for the rose-colored stain of its granules, that increases in allergic and some infectious reactions |
| |
basophil |
a granular leukocyte, named for the dark stain of its granules, that brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues |
| |
agranulocytes |
a group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei |
| |
lymphcytes |
an athat agranulocytic leukoctye active in the process of immunity; the three categories are T cells, B cells, and NK cells |
| |
monocytes |
an agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection |
| |
platelets |
thrombocytes; cell fragments in the blood essential for blood clotting |
| |
thymus |
primary gland of the lymphatic system, located within the mediastinum, that helps maintain the body's immune response by producing T lymphcytes |
| |
spleen |
organ between the stomach and diaphragm thatt filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris by performing phagocytosis, and provides an environment for lymphocytes to initiate immune response |
| |
lymph |
fluid circulated through the lymph vessels |
| |
lymph capillaries |
microscopic vessels that draw lymph from tissues to the lymph vessels |
| |
lymph vessels |
vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes |
| |
lacteals |
specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat into the bloodstream |
| |
chyle |
white or pale yellow substance in lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals |
| |
lymph nodes |
several small, oval structures that filter lymph from the lymph vessels; major locations include the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions |
| |
lymph ducts |
collecting channels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins |
| |
right lymphatic duct |
receives lymph from the right upper part of the body |
| |
thoracic duct |
receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities |
| |
immunity |
process of disease protection induced by exposure to an antigen |
| |
antigen |
a substance that, when introduced into the body, causes formation of antibodies against it |
| |
antibody |
a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body |
| |
active immunity |
an immunity that protects the body against a future infection, as the result of antibodies that develop naturally in response to an infection or articially after administation of a vaccine |
| |
passive immunity |
an immunity resulting from antibodies that are conveyed naturally through the placenta to a fetus or artificially by injection of a serum containing antibodies |
| |
anisocytosis |
presence of red blood cells of unequal size |
| |
pancytopenia |
an abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood |
| |
erythropenia |
an abnormally reduced number of red blood cells |
| |
hemolysis |
breakdown of the red blood cell membrane |
| |
immunocompromised |
impaired immunologic defenses caused by an immunodeficiency disorder or therapy with immunosuppressive agents |
| |
immunosuppression |
impaired ability to provide an immune response |
| |
lymphadenopathy |
enlarged (diseased) lymph nodes |
| |
lymphocytopenia |
an abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes |
| |
macrocytosis |
presence of large red blood cells |
| |
microcytosis |
presence of small red blood cells |
| |
neutropenia |
decrease in the number of neutrophils |
| |
poikilocytosis |
presence of large, irregularly shaped red blood cells |
| |
reticulocytosis |
increased number of immature erythrocytes in the blood |
| |
splenomegaly |
enlargement of the spleen |
| |
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome |
a syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus HIV, that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop; transmitted sexually or through contaminated blood |
| |
anemia |
a condition of reduced numbers of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or packed red cells in the blood, resulting in a diminished ability of red blood cells to transport oxygen to the tissues |
| |
iron deficiency anemia |
a microcytic-hypochromic type of anemia characterized by a lack of iron, affecting production of hemoglobin and small red blood cells containing low amounts of hemoglobin |
| |
pernicious anemia |
a macrocytic normochromic type of anemia characterized by an inadequate supply of vitamin B12, causing red blood cells to become large, varied in shape, and reduced in number |
| |
aplastic anemia |
a normocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produce red blood cells |
| |
erythroblastosis fetalis |
a disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with Rh-positive blood and a mother with Rd-negative blood, causing red blood cell destruction in the fetus; a blood transfusion is necessary to save the fetus |
| |
Rh factor |
the presence or lack of antigens on the surface of red blood cells, which causes a reaction between Rh-positive blood and Rh-negative blood |
| |
Rh positive |
presence of antigens |
| |
Rh negative |
absense of antigens |
| |
hemochromatosis |
hereditary disorder with an excessive buildup of iron deposits in the body |
| |
hemophilia |
group of hereditary bleeding disorders with a defect in clotting factors necessary for coagulation of blood |
| |
leukemia |
chronic or acute malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, marked by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow |
| |
myelodysplasia |
disorder within the bone marrow characterized by a proliferation of abnormal stem cells; usually develops into a specific type of leukemia |
| |
lymphoma |
any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant as in Hodgkins disease |
| |
metastasis |
process by which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph circulation to a distant organ |
| |
mononucleosis |
viral condition characterized by an inrease in mononuclear cells in the blood along with enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue, and sore throat |
| |
polycythemia |
increased number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood |
| |
septicemia |
systemic disease caused by the infection of microorganisms and their toxins in circulating blood |
| |
thrombocytopenia |
bleeding disorder characterized by an abnormally decreased number of platelets in the blood, impairing the clotting process |
| |
phlebotomy/venipuncture |
incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing |
| |
blood chemistry |
test of the fluid portion of blood to measure amounts of chemical constituents |
| |
blood chemistry panel |
specialized batteries of automated blood chemistry tests performed on a single sample of blood; used as a general screen for disease or to target specific organs or conditions |
| |
basic metabolic panel |
battery of tests used as a general screen for disease |
| |
comprehensive metabolic panel |
tests in addition to basic panel for expanded screening purpose |
| |
blood culture |
test to diagnose an infection in the bloodstream, by culturing a specimen of blood to encourage the growth of microorganisms, which are then identified |
| |
erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
timed test that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle through a volume of plasme |
| |
ESR |
erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
| |
partial thromboplastin time |
test to determine coagulation defects, such as platelet disorders |
| |
PTT |
partial thromboplastin time |
| |
thromboplastin |
substance present in tissues, platelets, and leukocytes that is necessary for coagulation |
| |
prothrombin time |
test to measure activity of prothrombin in the blood |
| |
PT |
prothrombin time |
| |
prothrombin |
protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting process |
| |
complete blood count |
a common laboratory blood test performed as a screen of general health or for diagnosis |
| |
CBC |
complete blood count |
| |
white blood count |
a count of the number of white blood cells per cubic millimeter |
| |
WBC |
white blood count |
| |
red blood count |
a count of the number of red blood cells per cubic millimeter |
| |
RBC |
reb blood count |
| |
hemoglobin test |
a test to determine the blood level of hemoglobin |
| |
HGB/Hgb |
hemoglobin test |
| |
hematocrit |
a measurement of the percentage of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood |
| |
HCT/Hct |
hematocrit |
| |
blood indices |
calculations of RBC, HGB, and HCT results to determine the average size, hemoglobin concentration, and content of red blood cells to classify an anemia |
| |
mean corpuscular volume |
calculation of the volume of individual cells in cubic microns using HCT and RBC |
| |
MCV |
mean corpuscular volume |
| |
mean corpuscular hemoglobin |
calculation of the content in weight of hemoglobin in the average red blood cell using HGB and RBC |
| |
MCH |
mean corpuscular hemoglobin |
| |
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration |
calculation of the average hemoglobin concentration in each red blood cell using HGB and HCT |
| |
MCHC |
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration |
| |
differential count |
determination of the number of each type of white blood cell in a stained blood smear |
| |
red cell morphology |
as part of identifying and counting the WBC's, the condition, size, and shape of red blood cells in the background of the smeared slide are noted |
| |
platelet count |
calculation of the number of thrombocytes in the blood |
| |
PLT |
platelet count |
| |
bone marrow aspiation |
needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathologic examination |
| |
lymphangiogram |
an x-ray of a lymph node or vessel taken after injection of a contrast medium |
| |
bone marrow transplant |
transplantation of healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor to a diseased recipient to stimulate blood cell production |
| |
lymphadenectomy |
removal of a lymph node |
| |
lymphadenotomy |
incision into a lymph node |
| |
lymph node dissection |
removal of possible cancer-carrying lymph nodes for pathologic examination |
| |
splenectomy |
removal of the spleen |
| |
thymectomy |
removal of the thymus gland |
| |
blood transfusion |
introduction of blood products into the circulation of a recipient whose blood volume is reduced of deficient in some manner |
| |
autologous blood |
blood donated by and stored for a patient for future personal use |
| |
homologous blood |
blood voluntarily donated by any person for transfusion to a compatible recipient |
| |
blood component therapy |
transfusion of a specific component, such as packed red blood cells, platelets, or plasma |
| |
crossmatching |
a method of matching a donor's blood to the recipient by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility |
| |
plasmapheresis |
removal of plasma from the body with separation and extraction of specific elements followed by reinfusion |
| |
anticoagulant |
a drug that prevents clotting of the blood |
| |
hemostatic |
a drug that stops the flow of blood within the vessels |
| |
vasoconstrictor |
a drug that causes a narrowing of blood vessels, thereby decreasing blood flow |
| |
vasodilator |
a drug that causes dilation of blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow |
| |
alveolo |
alveolus (air sac) |
| |
broncho/bronchio |
bronchus (airway) |
| |
bronchiolo |
bronchiole (little airway) |
| |
capno/carbo |
carbon dioxide |
| |
laryngo |
larynx (voice box) |
| |
lobo |
lobe (a portion) |
| |
naso/rhino |
nose |
| |
oro |
mouth |
| |
oxo |
oxygen |
| |
palato |
palate |
| |
pharyngo |
pharynx (throat) |
| |
phreno |
diaphragm (also mind) |
| |
pleuro |
pleura (lining of lungs) |
| |
pneumo/pneumono |
air or lung |
| |
pulmono |
lung |
| |
sinuso |
sinus (cavity) |
| |
spiro |
breathing |
| |
thoraco/pectoro/stetho |
chest |
| |
tonsillo |
tonsil |
| |
tracheo |
trachea (windpipe) |
| |
uvulo |
uvula |
| |
-pnea |
breathing |
| |
nose |
structure that warms, moistens, and filters air as it enters the respiratory tract; also houses the olfactory receptors for the sense of smell |
| |
sinuses |
air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity |
| |
palate |
the roof of the mouth; divided into the hard and soft |
| |
pharynx |
throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx |
| |
nasopharynx |
part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages |
| |
oropharynx |
central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis |
| |
laryngopharynx |
lower part of the pharynx just below the oropharynx opening into the larynx and esophogus |
| |
tonsils |
oval lymphatic tissues on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion; also called palatine |
| |
adenoids |
lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose; also called pharyngeal |
| |
uvula |
small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate |
| |
larynx |
voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords |
| |
glottis |
opening between the vocal cords in the larynx |
| |
epiglottis |
a lidlike structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway |
| |
trachea |
windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carina, where is splits into right and left bronchus |
| |
bronchial tree |
branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli |
| |
right and left bronchus |
two primary airways branching from the area of the carina into the lungs |
| |
bronchioles |
progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways |
| |
alveoli |
thin-walled microscopic air sacs that exchange gases |
| |
lungs |
two spungy organs in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage; responsible for respiration |
| |
lobes |
subdivisions of the lung; two on the left and three on the right |
| |
pleura |
membranes enclosing the lung and lining the thoracic cavity |
| |
pleural cavity |
potential space between visceral and parietal layers of the pleura |
| |
diaphragm |
muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and moves up and down to aid respiration |
| |
mediastinum |
partition that separates the thorax into two compartments |
| |
mucous membranes |
thin sheets of tissue that line respiratory passages and secrete mucus, a sticky fluid |
| |
cilia |
hairlike processes from the surface of epithelial cells, such as those of the bronchi, to move mucus cell secretions upward |
| |
parenchyma |
functional tissues of any organ, such as the tissues of the bronchioles that perform respiration |
| |
eupnea |
normal breathing |
| |
bradypnea |
slow breathing |
| |
tachypnea |
fast breathing |
| |
hypopnea |
shallow breathing |
| |
hyperpnea |
deep breathing |
| |
dyspnea |
difficulty breathing |
| |
apnea |
inability to breathe |
| |
orthopnea |
ability to breathe only in an upright position |
| |
Cheyne-Stokes respiration |
pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and sometimes rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea |
| |
crackles/rales |
popping sounds head on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseases airways and alveoli |
| |
wheezes/rhonchi |
high-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lung as air flows through a narrowed airway |
| |
stridor |
a high-pitched crowing sound that occurs with an obstruction in the upper airway (trachea or larynx) |
| |
cyanosis |
a bluish coloration of the skin caused by a deficient amount of oxygen in the blood |
| |
dysphonia |
hoarseness |
| |
epistaxis |
nosebleed |
| |
expectoration |
coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs |
| |
sputum |
material expelled from the lungs by coughing |
| |
hemoptysis |
coughing up and spitting out blood originating in the lungs |
| |
hypercapnia/hypercarbia |
excessive level of CO2 in the blood |
| |
hyperventilation |
excessive movement of air in and out of the lungs; causing hypocapnia |
| |
hypoventilation |
deficient movement of air in and out of the lungs; causing hypercapnia |
| |
hypoxemia |
deficient amount of oxygen in blood cells |
| |
hypoxia |
deficient amounts of oxygen in tissue cells |
| |
obstructive lung disorder |
condition blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs |
| |
restrictive lung disorder |
condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs |
| |
caseous necrosis |
degeneration of death of tissue with a cheeselike appearence |
| |
pulmonary edema |
fluid filling of the spaces around the alveoli and eventually flooding into the alveoli |
| |
pulmonary infiltrate |
density on an x-ray respresenting the consolidation of matter within the air spaces of the lungs, usually resulting from an inflammatory process |
| |
rhinorrhea |
thin, watery discharge from the nose |
| |
asthma |
panting; obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the brochial tubes or by swelling of the mucous membrane |
| |
atelectasis |
collapse of lung tissue |
| |
bronchitis |
inflammation of the bronchi |
| |
bronchogenic carcinoma |
lung cancer; in the bronchi |
| |
bronchospasm |
constriction of bronchi caused by spasm of the peribronchial smooth muscle |
| |
bronchiectasis |
abnormal dilation of the bronchi with accumulation of mucus |
| |
emphysema |
obstructive pulmonary disease, overexpansion of the alveoli with air and destructive changes in their walls resulting in loss of lung elasticity and gas exchange |
| |
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema |
| |
COPD |
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
| |
laryngitis |
inflammation of the larynx |
| |
laryngotracheobronchitis |
inflammation of the upper airways with swelling that creates a funnel shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct seal bark cough |
| |
laryngospasm |
spasm of laryngeal muscles, causing a constriction |
| |
nasal polyposis |
presence of numerous polyps in the nose |
| |
pharyngitis |
inflammation of the pharynx |
| |
coryza |
head cold; inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes |
| |
pleural effusion |
accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity |
| |
empyema/pyothorax |
accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity |
| |
hemothorax |
blood in pleural cavity |
| |
pleuritis/pleurisy |
inflammation of pleura |
| |
pneumoconiosis |
chronic restrictive pulmonary disease resulting from prolonged inhalation of fine dusts |
| |
pnemonia |
an inflammation in the lung caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or resulting from aspiration of chemicals |
| |
pneumothorax |
air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall |
| |
pneumohemothorax |
air and blood in the pleural cavity |
| |
pneumonitis |
inflammation of the lung often caused by hypersensitivity to chemicals or dusts |
| |
pulmonary embolism |
occlusion in the pulmonary circulation, most often caused by a blood clot |
| |
pulmonary tuberculosis |
disease caused by the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs, characterized by the formation of tubercles, inflammation, and necrotizing caseous lesions |
| |
sinusitis |
inflammation of the sinuses |
| |
sleep apnea |
periods of breathing cessation that occur during sleep, often causing snoring |
| |
tonsillitis |
acute or chronic inflammation of the tonsils |
| |
upper respiratory infection |
infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx, and bronchi |
| |
arterial blood gases |
analysis of arterial blood to determine adequacy of lung function in the exchange of gases |
| |
pH |
a measure of blood acidity or alkalinity |
| |
PaO2 |
partial pressure of oxygen measuring the amount of oxygen in the blood |
| |
PaCO2 |
partial pressure of CO2 measuring the amount of CO2 in the blood |
| |
endoscopy |
examination inside a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic or treatment purposes |
| |
bronchoscopy |
use of a flexible endoscope, called a bronchoscope, to examine the airways |
| |
nasopharyngoscopy |
use of a flexible endoscope to examine the nasal passages and the pharynx (throat) to diagnose structural abnormalities such as obstructions, growths, and cancers |
| |
auscultation |
to listen with stethoscope |
| |
percussion |
a physical examination method of tapping over the body to elicit vibrations and sounds to assess cavities |
| |
lung scan |
nuclear scan of the lungs to detect abnormalities of respiration or blood flow |
| |
magnetic resonance image |
nonionizing image of the lung to visualize lung lesions |
| |
polysomnography |
recording of various aspects of sleep for diagnosis of sleep disorders |
| |
PSG |
polysomnography |
| |
pulmonary function testing |
direct and indirect measurements of lung volumes and capacities |
| |
PFT |
pulmonary function testing |
| |
spirometry |
a direct measurement of lung volume and capacity |
| |
tidal volume |
amount of air exhaled after a normal inspiration |
| |
TV |
tidal volume |
| |
vital capacity |
amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration |
| |
VC |
vital capacity |
| |
peak flow/peak expiratory flow rate |
measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration |
| |
PF |
peak flow |
| |
PEFR |
peak expiratory flow rate |
| |
radiology |
x-ray imaging |
| |
chest x-ray |
x-ray to visualize lungs PA (back to front), AP (front to back) |
| |
computed tomography |
detects lesions in the lungs, visualize the structures of the nose and sinuses |
| |
CT |
computed tomography |
| |
pulmonary angiography |
x-ray of the blood vessels of lungs after injection of contrast material |
| |
adenoidectomy |
excision of adenoids |
| |
lobectomy |
removal of a lobe of a lung |
| |
nasal polypectomy |
removal of a nasal polyp |
| |
pneumonectomy |
removal of an entire lung |
| |
thoracentesis |
puncture for aspiration of the chest (pleural cavity) |
| |
thoracoplasty |
repair of the chest involving fixation of the ribs |
| |
thoracoscopy |
endoscopic examination of the pleural cavity using a thorascope |
| |
thoracostomy |
creation of an opening in the chest, usually to insert a tube |
| |
thoracotomy |
incision into chest |
| |
tonsillectomy |
excision of palatine tonsils |
| |
adenoidectomy |
excision of adenoids |
| |
tracheostomy |
creation of an opening in the trachea, usually to insert a tube |
| |
tracheotomy |
incision into the trachea |
| |
cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
a method of artificial respiration and chest compression to move oxygenated blood to vital organs when resp. has stopped |
| |
CPR |
cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
| |
continuous positive airway pressure |
a device that pumps a constant pressurized flow of air through the nasal passages, commonly used during sleep to prevent airway closure in sleep apnea |
| |
CPAP |
continuous positive airway pressure |
| |
endotracheal intubation |
passage of a tube into the trachea via nose or mouth to open the airway for delivering gas mixures to the lungs |
| |
incentive spirometry |
a common postoperative breathing therapy using a specially designed spirometer |
| |
mechanical ventilation |
mechanical breathing using a ventilator |
| |
antibiotic |
a drug that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms |
| |
anticoagulant |
a drug that dissolves, or prevents the formation of, thrombi or emboli in the blood vessels |
| |
antihistamine |
a drug that neutralizes or inhibits the effects of histamine |
| |
histamine |
a compount in the body that is released by injured cells in allergic reactions, inflammation, and so on, causing constriction of bronchial smooth muscle and dilation of blood vessels |
| |
bronchodilator |
a drug that dilates the muscular walls of the bronchi |
| |
expectorant |
a drug that breaks up mucus and promotes coughing |
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