Set: SOCI 100 exam 1

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All 128 Terms

Term Definition
applied sociology the use of sociology to solve problems - from the micro level of family relationships to the macro level of crime and pollution
authority power that people accept as rightly exercised over them; also called legitimate power
pure or basic sociology sociological approach whose only purpose is to make discoveries about life in human groups, not to make changes in those groups
bourgeoisie Karl Marx's term for capitalists, those who own the means to produce wealth
class conflict Marx's term for the struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie
conflict theory a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups competing for scarce resources
critical race theory linked to the development of African-American legal thought in the post-civil rights era. It is an interdisciplinary approach that argues that the notions of the social construction of race and race identity, and the reality of discrimination, are ever-present in the writings of known contemporary theorists
feminist theories all three types - Marxist, liberal and radical - hold that women are oppressed by gender roles that are products of social, historical and cultural factors
functional analysis a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium, also known as functionalism and structural functionalism
macro-level analysis an examination of large-scale patterns of society
micro-level analysis an examination of small-scale patterns of society
middle-range theories explanations of human behaviour that go beyond a particular observation or research but avoid sweeping generalizations that attempt to account for everything
natural sciences the intellectual and academic disciplines designed to comprehend, explain, and predict events in our natural environment
nonverbal interaction communication without words through gestures, space, silence, and so on
objectivity total neutrality
positivism the application of the scientific approach to the social world
postmodernism analysis of contemporary social life where the use of images to convey meaning replaces social reality
proletariat Karl Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production
queer theory an emergent theory that deliberately challenges all notions of a fixed identity; smashes links between sex, gender and desire
replication repeating a study in order to test its findings
science the application of systematic methods to obtain knowledge and the knowledge obtained by those methods
scientific method the use of objective, systematic observations to test theories
social facts Durkheim's term for the patterns of behaviour that characterize a social group
social interaction what people do when they are in one another's presence
social location the group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society
social sciences the intellectual and academic disciplines designed to understand the social world objectively by means of controlled and repeated observations
society a term used by sociologists to refer to a group of people who share a culture and a territory
sociological perspective an approach to understanding human behaviour that entails placing it within its broader social context
sociology the scientific study of society and human behaviour
subjective meanings the meanings that people give their own behaviour
symbolic interactionism a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another
theory a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work, an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another
value-free an ideal condition in which a sociologist's personal values or biases do not influence social research
Verstehen a German word used by Weber that is perhaps best understood as "to have insight into someone's situation"
agents of socialization people or groups that affect our self-concept, attitudes or other orientations toward life
anticipatory socialization learning part of a future role because one anticipates it
degradation ceremony a term coined by Harold Garfinkel to describe an attempt to remake the self by stripping away an individual's self-identity and stamping a new one in its place; a ritual designed to strip an individual of his or her identity as a group member
ego Freud's term for a balancing force between the id and the demands of society
gender roles the behaviours and attitudes considered appropriate because one is female or male
gender socialization the ways society sets children on different courses in life because they are male or female
generalized other the norms, values, attitudes and expectations of "people in general"; taking on this role is a significant step in the development of a self
id Freud's term for our inborn basic drives
life course the sequence of events that we experience as we journey from birth to death
looking-glass self a term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us
manifest functions the intended consequences of people's actions designed to help some part of a social system
mass media forms of communication, such as radio, newspapers, and TV, directed to mass audiences
peer group a group of individuals roughly the same age linked by common interests
personal identity kit items people use to decorate their bodies
resocialization the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes and behaviours
self the unique human capacity of being able to see outselves "from the outside"; the picture we gain of how others see us
significant other an individual who significantly influences someone else's life
social environment the entire human environment, including direct contact with others
socialization the process by which people learn the characteristics of their group; the attitudes, values, and actions thought appropriate for them
superego Freud's term for the conscience, the internalized norms and values of our social groups
taking the role of the other putting oneself in someone else's shoes; understanding how someone else feels and thinks and thus anticipating how that person will act
total institution a place in which people are cut off from the rest of society and almost totally controlled by the officials who run the place
bilateral (system of descent) a system of reckoning descent that counts both the mother's and the father's side
blended family a family whose members were once part of other families
conservative bias the tendency of analysts to downplay evidence of historical change and to reject evidence of challenges to traditional social patterns
egalitarian authority more or less equally divided between people or groups, for ex. between husband and wife in a family
endogamy the practice of marrying within one's own group
exogamy the practice of marrying outside one's group
extended family a nuclear family plus other relatives, such as grandparents, uncles and aunts, who live together
family two or more people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage or adoption
family of orientation the family in which a person grows up
family of procreation the family formed when a couple's first child is born
homogamy the tendency of people with similar characteristics to marry one another
household all people who occupy the same housing unit
incest sexual relations between specified relatives, such as brothers and sisters or parents and children
intentional family people who declare themselves a family and treat one another as members of the same family; originated in the late twentieth century in response to need for intimacy not met due to distance, divorce and death
marriage a group's approved mating arrangements, usually marked by a ritual of some sort
matriarchy authority bested in females; female control of a society or group, a society in which women dominate men
matrilineal (system of descent) a system of reckoning descent that counts only the mother's side
monolithic bias the tendency to ignore the diversity contained within a phenomenon and to focus, instead, on the most general exterior features. when applied to the family, the bias results in a failure to recognize that traditional notions of the family - male breadwinner, housewife and biological children - have been supplanted by an amazing diversity of family forms and experiences
monolithic structure the representation of structure as homogeneous and undiversified. for ex, if the family is represented as so, the representation ignores the complex diversity of types and forms incorporated into contemporary experiences of the family
nuclear family a family consisting of a husband, wife and child(ren)
patriarchy authority vested in males; male control of a society or group; a society in which men dominate women
patrilineal (system of descent) a system of reckoning descent that counts only the father's side
polyandry a marriage in which a woman has more than one husband
polygyny a marriage in which a man has more than one wife
romantic love feelings of erotic attraction accompanied by an idealization of the other
system of descent how kinship is traced over the generations
acculturation the transmission of culture from one generation to the next
correspondence principle the sociological principle that schools correspond to (or reflect) the social structure of society
credential societies the use of diplomas and degrees to determine who is eligible for jobs, even though the diploma or degree may be irrelevant to the actual work
cultural transmission in reference to education, the ways schools transmit a society's culture, especially its core values
education a formal system of teaching knowledge, values and skills
gatekeeping the process by which education opens and closes doors of opportunity; another term for the 'social placement' function of education
hidden curriculum the unwritten goals of schools, such as obedience to authority and conformity to cultural norms
latent functions the unintended consequences of people's actions that help keep a social system in equilibrium
mainstreaming helping people become part of the mainstream of society
political socialization the way in which young people are inculcated with beliefs, ideas and values that embrace the civil order through the education system
self-fulfilling prophecy Robert Merton's term for an originally false assertion that becomes true simply because it was predicted
social placement a function of education that funnels people into a society's various positions
tracking the sorting of students into different educational programs on the basis of real or perceived abilities
anomie Durkheim's term for a condition of society in which people become detached, cut loose from the norms that usually guide their behaviour
Auguste Comte Name: credited with being the founder of sociology; applied scientific method to social life
Karl Marx Name: provided insights into the relationship between social classes
Emile Durkheim Name: used sociological approach to understand human behaviour: made sociology an accepted academic discipline, showed how social forces shaped individual behaviours (ex. suicide) and showed how to make social research practical
Max Weber Name: studied rise of capitalism, "rationalization of society"; compared Roman Catholic and Protestant countries
Harriet Martineau Name: primarily known for translating Comte's ideas into English; woman who analyzed social life, published "Society in America"
Charles Horton Cooley Name: theorized about the emergence of human identity; coined the term 'looking-glass self'
George Herbert Mead Name: suggested play is a critical element in the development of a self, ex. children 'taking the role of the other'
Sigmund Freud Name: founded psychoanalysis; believed personality consists of three elements - id, ego and superego
psychoanalysis Freud's technique for treating emotional problems through long-term, intensive exploration of the subconscious mind
propinquity geographic location, spatial nearness (ex. we tend to fall in love with people who live near us or whom we meet at school, church or work)
C. Wright Mills Name: people do things because of external influences, not heredity characteristics
Ray Rist Name: Research in an African-American grade school with an African-American faculty; teacher assigned students to three tables
sociological imagination the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society
Jean Condorcet Name: made concerns regarding society in 1700s that are still relevant today (equal rights for women, slavery opposition, called for universal suffrage, seperation of church from state, freedom of opinion, development of social welfare policies)
Division of Labour solution to anomie: specialization keeps society together
theological-military first phase of society: dependence on scriptures, divine belief; fear of punishment
metaphysical-judicial second phase of society: transition between religion and science; agreement between the people to solve conflicts
scientific-industrial third phase of society: rationality, logic, empirical; life based on how we make money, production of goods
social statics study of social structures, its elements and their relations
social dynamics study of social progress and change
Sean Piaget Name: core belief that human development and socialization are a result of both biological maturation and social experience
John B Watson Name: specific behaviour patterns aren't instinctive, they are learned
Erving Goffman Name: "The Presentation of Self" - we give and give off expressions to define a situation; we fit into a role everytime we present ourselves (never truly yourself)
Lawrence Kohlberg Name: Stages of moral development - preconventional, late preconventional, early conventional, late conventional, early post conventional, late post conventional
connubium term for marrying someone like yourself
Divorce Act of 1968 allowed for divorce in event of adultery, desertion, 3 year seperation
Revised Act (1985) allowed for divorce in event of "marriage breakdown"
conflict analysis method of analysis that finds the inconvenient facts
ascribed traits traits over which we have little or no control (ex. physical attributes)
achieved traits traits that alter our place in society (ex. sitting in class to obtain opportunities we would otherwise not have)
streaming assignment of students to different types of educational programs
functional illiteracy reading and writing skills inadequate for everyday living

Set Information

Terms 128
Creator empc
Created October 15, 2007
Groups None
Tag sociology
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Description

Terms from Chpt 1, 4, 13, 14 (selective pages)
Sociology 4/e Henslin/Glenday/Duffy/Pupo

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empc : Changed rationality → the acceptance of rules, efficiency, and practical resulots as the right way to approach human affairs to rationality → the acceptance of rules, efficiency, and practical results as the right way to approach human affairs
empc : Changed kaizen → continuous imporvement - production techniques are continously evaluated in search of more efficient and improved methods to kaizen → continuous improvement - production techniques are continously evaluated in search of more efficient and improved methods
empc : Changed organic solidarity → Durkheim's term for the interdepedence that results from people needing others to fulfill their jobs; solidarity based on the itnerdependence brought about by the division of labour to organic solidarity → Durkheim's term for the interdepedence that results from people needing others to fulfill their jobs; solidarity based on the interdependence brought about by the division of labour
empc : Changed peer groups → a group of individuals roughly the same age linked by common interests to peer group → a group of individuals roughly the same age linked by common interests
empc : Changed generalized other → the norms, values, attitudes and expectations of "people in general"; the child's ability to take the role of the generalized other is a significant step in the development of a self to generalized other → the norms, values, attitudes and expectations of "people in general"; taking on this role is a significant step in the development of a self
empc : Changed intentional families → people who declare themselves a family and treat one another as members of the same family; originated in the late twentieth century in response to need for intimacy not met due to distance, divorce and death to intentional family → people who declare themselves a family and treat one another as members of the same family; originated in the late twentieth century in response to need for intimacy not met due to distance, divorce and death
empc : Changed theological-military → first phase of society: depedence on scriptures, divine belief; fear of punishment to theological-military → first phase of society: dependence on scriptures, divine belief; fear of punishment
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Most Missed Words

  1. symbolic interactionism → a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another - 31 misses
  2. monolithic structure → the representation of structure as homogeneous and undiversified. for ex, if the family is represented as so, the representation ignores the complex diversity of types and forms incorporated into contemporary experiences of the family - 24 misses
  3. positivism → the application of the scientific approach to the social world - 16 misses
  4. social sciences → the intellectual and academic disciplines designed to understand the social world objectively by means of controlled and repeated observations - 15 misses
  5. proletariat → Karl Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production - 13 misses
  6. theory → a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work, an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another - 11 misses
  7. egalitarian → authority more or less equally divided between people or groups, for ex. between husband and wife in a family - 11 misses