 | Term | Definition |
| |
Distinctive Characteristics of True Language |
Displacement and Productivity (in addition to Mode of Communication, Semanticity, Pragmatic Function, Interchangeability, Arbitrariness, and Discreteness) |
| |
Arbitrary Signs |
The form of the signals don't relate to its meaning. There's nothing inherent in the sounds w-a-t-e-r that indicates the meaning. |
| |
Non-arbitrary Signs |
Only in nature; not in words in a language. Smoke is a completely non-arbitrary sign that there is fire. |
| |
Representational Signs |
Words we use based on something real in the world. Usually onomatopoeic like "moo" or "meow." |
| |
Prescriptivism |
The belief that there is a prescribed (written before, or ahead of time) list of rules to which all speakers of a language must conform. Concerned with "correct" and "incorrect" speech. |
| |
Open Class |
An open set of words where new members are welcome and can take bound morphemes to form new words. Also called Major Class in textbook. Subcategories/examples include: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs/adverbials. |
| |
Closed Class |
A set that contains few members and isn't open to new members. They're usually the most frequently used words. Subcategories include: pronouns, determiners (definite, indefinite), conjunctions, and prepositions. |
| |
3 Ways to Classify Morphemes |
1. Free vs. Bound 2. Lexical (Content) vs. Grammatical 3. Root vs. Affix (Bound) |
| |
Free Morphemes |
Morphemes that can be used alone e.g. act, worth, with |
| |
Bound Morphemes |
Morphemes that must be attached to some other morpheme or morphemes. |
| |
Lexical/Content Morphemes |
Morphemes that have meanings that correspond to the functions of the major word classes. If you can define it with a synonym, it's probably a lexical morpheme. |
| |
Grammatical Morphemes |
Morphemes that alter the word-stems they attach to -ive, -ate, -y |
| |
Root Morphemes |
Morphemes around which larger words are built. e.g. act, worth |
| |
Affix/Bound Morphemes |
Additional morphemes that are added to or affixed to roots to create a multi or poly-morphemic word. -ive, -ate, -ject |
| |
Inflectional Affix |
An affix that does NOT create a new word when attached to existing words; they simply change the form of that word slightly to indicate some grammatical meaning. e.g. -s, -es, -'s, -s', -er, -est, -ed, -ing |
| |
Derivational Affix |
An affix that DOES creat or derive new words when attached to existing words. un-, re-, -ize, -y, -ly |
| |
8 Ways to Create New Vocab in English |
Affixation, Functional Shift, Semantic Shift, Compounding, Blending, Borrowing, Acronyming, and Invention |
| |
Affixation |
Word derivation through affixes. |
| |
Functional Shift |
Belonging to more than one lexical category. email, bookmark |
| |
Semantic Shift |
Literal meaning to figurative meaning. rat |
| |
Compounding |
Existing free morphemes put together. webpage, download, waterbed |
| |
Blending |
smoke + fog = smog |
| |
Borrowing |
Taking words from other languages and incorporating them into your own. sushi |
| |
Acronyming |
SCUBA, FBI |
| |
Inventing words |
root creation. quiz, granola, zap, herd |
| |
Phonetics |
The study of sounds. |
| |
3 Branches of Phonetics |
1. Articulatory Phonetics 2. Acoustic Phonetics 3. Auditory Phonetics |
| |
Articulatory Phonetics |
How sounds are produced by humans in the vocal tracts. |
| |
Acoustic Phonectics |
How sound waves are made; machine interpretations of speech patterns ("press 5 now") |
| |
Auditory Phonetics |
Perception of sounds by the brain through the ear. |
| |
Phoneme |
A psychologically real unit of linguistic sound. |
| |
Consonant |
Sounds produced by obstructing the flow of air as it passes from the lungs through the vocal tract. |
| |
Vowel |
Sounds produced by NOT obstructing the air flow. |
| |
Obstruents |
Sounds with significant obstruction of air: Stops, Fricatives, Affricates |
| |
Sonorants |
Sounds with no obstruction; relatively open passage way: Nasals, Liquids, Glides |
| |
Phonetic Levels of Representation |
Underlying and surface levels |
| |
Underlying Level of Representation |
Phonemes. Unconscious, unstated level |
| |
Surface Level of Representation |
Allophones. Physical level; the way we actually say it. |
| |
Phonology |
The study of sound systems. |
| |
Contrastive Sounds |
If a native speaker of the language in which sounds are used recognizes them as being 2 different sounds, we can prove that they are distinct sounds by putting them in overlapping distribution or minimal pairs. |
| |
Non-contrastive Sounds |
Native speakers don't recognize them as being distinctive sounds; they're recognized as one sound, although might have some quality different b/t the two. These are necessarily allophones and can't create minimal pairs. |
| |
Minimal pairs |
Words with different meanings that have exactly the same sounds in the same order except for a single difference in sounds. |
| |
Overlapping distribution |
2 sounds in the exact same environment. |
| |
Complementary distribution |
When it's not possible to find minimal pairs in the exact same environment. |
| |
Phonological rules for vowels |
1. They become nasalized before nasal consonants 2. They become lengthened before voiced consonants |
| |
Phonological rule for voiceless stops |
They are aspirated stressed syllable initially |
| |
Phonological rule for alveolar stops |
They are flapped inter-vocalically when the following vowel is unstressed. |
| |
Phonotactics |
Complex structre of syllables and their restrictions in a language. |
| |
Mode of communication |
Means by which messages are communicated--vocal, visual, tactile, chemical |
| |
Semanticity |
The idea that signals have meaning |
| |
Pragmatic function |
Idea that communication serves some useful purpose. |
| |
Interchangeability |
The ability to send and receive messages. Human language has these features while silkworms don't. |
| |
Discreteness |
A property of having complex messages that are built up out of smaller parts. |
| |
Displacement |
The ability to talk about things that aren't present in space and time. |
| |
Productivity |
The ability to express and understand any number of messages that hadn't been uttered before and that may express novel ideas. |
| |
Morphophonology |
Underlying morpheme can have multiple level allomorphs--That is, a single unit can have more than one pronunciation |
| |
Morphophonological rules |
Assimilation, Insertion, Deletion |
| |
Assimilation |
One or more sound becomes like a neighboring sound |
| |
Insertion |
A sound is inserted between two morphemes |
| |
Deletion |
A sound is deleted from a morpheme |
Share on Facebook
Share on MySpace