 | Term | Definition |
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What causes Inflammatory diarrhea (usually marked by the presence of fecal leukocytes)? |
Shigella sp., Salmonella sp. (nontyphoidal), Campylobacter sp., Yersinia enterocolitica, enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (minimal to moderate number), Clostridium difficile (causes antibiotic associated diarrhea or pseudomembranous enterocolitis) |
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What causes Hemorrhagic colitis |
Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (including enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli ) (rarely fever; bloody diarrhea with few or no fecal leukocytes) |
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What causes Non-inflammatory diarrhea (watery diarrhea without fecal leukocytes)? |
Vibrio cholerae, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus |
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What causes Enteric fever? |
Salmonella enterica, serovar Typhi, Salmonella enterica, serovar Paratyphi |
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What causes Mesenteric lymphadenitis |
Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis |
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What causes Peptic ulcer disease? |
Helicobacter pylori |
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What causes Pharyngitis (often caused by viruses) ? |
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A) : 15-30% of cases, Corynebacterium diphtheriae: < 1% of all cases, Mycoplasma pneumoniae : <1 % of all cases |
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What causes Otitis media (often caused by viruses) ? |
Streptococcus pneumoniae - 30% of bacterial cases, Haemophilus influenzae (non-typable) - 20% of bacterial cases, Moraxella catarrhalis- < 10% of bacterial cases |
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What causes Acute sinusitis (often caused by viruses) |
Streptococcus pneumoniae - ca. 30% of all cases, Haemophilus influenzae (non-typeable ) - ca. 20% of all cases, anaerobes |
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What causes Epiglottitis ? |
Haemophilus influenzae, type b |
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What causes Typical pneumonia ? |
“Sick Singers Hurt Everyone (esp. Clubs)” Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae (type b), Enterobacteriaceae, esp. Klebsiella |
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What causes Atypical pneumonia? |
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia pneumoniae |
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What causes Pertussis (whooping cough)? |
specific disease caused by Bordetella pertussis |
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What causes Diphtheria? |
specific disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
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What causes Tuberculosis? |
Mycobacteria tuberculosis |
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Which bacteria can cause Urinary tract infections? |
“ES PEEP” Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus sp., Enterobacter sp. and several other members of the Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
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Which organisms are involved with Wound infections? |
“ASAP TB VA” staph Aureus, Strep pyogenes, pseudo Aeruginosa, C. Perfringins, C. Tetani, C. Botulinum, Vibrio vulnificus, Acinebacter baumanni |
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Which organisms cause Skin infections? |
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes (group A) , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Mycobacterium leprae |
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Which organisms are considered Nosocomial? |
Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudmonas aeruginosa,Enterococcus, Clostridium difficle, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Legionella pneumophila , Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter sp., Proteus sp. , Acinetobacter baumanni, Burkholderia cepacia, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia |
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Name the localized infections with systemic manifestations due to toxins |
tetanus, botulism, diphtheria, pertussis, bullous impetigo, scalded skin syndrome, staphylococcus toxic shock syndrome, hemolytic uremic syndrome |
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Which cause Food poisoning by ingestion of a pre-formed toxin? |
Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium botulinum |
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Name the Sequelae to bacterial infections ? |
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), Reiter’s syndrome , Guillain Barre syndrome, Rheumatic fever, Acute glomerular nephtritis, Obsessive compulsive disorder (?), Gastric carcinoma |
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Name the organisms with Polysaccharide capsules that act as Anti-phagocytic surface structures? |
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitides, Streptococcus agalactiae (group B), Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae |
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Name the organism with Protein structures that act as Anti-phagocytic surface structures? |
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A): M protein, Staphylococcus aureus: protein A |
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What is the Adhesive surface structure of Bordetella pertussis |
filamentous hemagglutinin, fimbriae |
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What is the Adhesive surface structure of Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
P1 protein (attachment organelle) |
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What is the Adhesive surface structure of Streptococcus pyogenes |
lipoteichoic acid, F protein (binds fibrinogen) |
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What is the Adhesive surface structure of Staphylococcus aureus |
ribotechoic acid (binds fibrinogen) |
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What is the Adhesive surface structure of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli |
colonization fimbriae (CF, CFAs) |
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What is the Adhesive surface structure of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli |
bundle forming pilus |
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What is the Adhesive surface structure of Vibrio cholerae |
toxin co-regulated pilus (Tcp) |
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What is the Adhesive surface structure of enteropathogenic E. coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli |
intimin |
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What is the Adhesive surface structure of uropathogenic E. coli |
Pap pili (P-pili), type one fimbriae |
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What is the mode of action of Cholera toxin and E. coli heat labile toxin (LT) |
ADP ribosylation of adenylate cyclase regulatory protein; results in increased cAMP. |
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What is the mode of action of E. coli heat stable toxin (ST) |
stimulates guanylate cyclase resulting in increased cGMP. |
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What is the mode of action of Shiga toxin (ST) of Shigella dysenteriae, type 1 and enterohemorrhagic E. coli |
inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells |
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What is the mode of action of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A and diphtheria toxin |
inhibit protein synthesis by ADP ribosylation of EF2 |
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What is the mode of action of Botulinum toxin |
blocks release of acetylcholine at synapse and neuromuscular junction; results in flaccid paralysis |
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What is the mode of action of Tetanus toxin |
inhibits inhibitory neurons; results in spastic paralysis |
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Which organisms can Survive within phagocytes (facultatively intracellular for phagocytes) |
Legionella Pneumophila, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella enterica, serovars Typhi and Paratyphi |
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Which organism can the body produce antibody against (to facilitate opsonization and phagocytosis of the organism) |
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae (type b), Streptococcus pyogenes (group A), Streptococcus agalactiae (group B), Salmonella enterica, serovar Typhi |
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Which organisms can the Host form antibody against bacterial adhesin, resulting in blocking of bacterial colonization |
Bordetella pertussis, enterotoxigenic E. coli, Vibrio cholerae |
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Against which organisms does the body use Cell mediated immunity |
Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella typhi, Shigella sp. |
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Name the Gram positive cocci we have studied? |
Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A), Streptococcus Agalactiae (Group B), Enterococcus sp., Streptococcus bovis,Viridans streptococcus [Remember: staphylococci and streptococci are distinguished by the catalase reaction] |
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Name the Gram positive rods we have studied? |
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Clostridium species, Bacillus species |
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Name the Gram negative rods we have studied? |
Haemophilus influenzae, Bordetella pertussis, Legionella pneumophila (stains poorly with Gram stain), Klebsiella pneumoniae (in compromised patients), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (in compromised individuals), Other Enterobacteriaceae (in compromised patients), Acinetobacter |
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What are the Bacteria for which the Gram stain cannot be used in laboratory diagnosis? |
Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Of the Enteric Gram negative bacilli which are oxidase positive? |
Pseudomonadaceae, Campylobacter sp. and Vibrionaceae |
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Of the Enteric Gram negative bacilli which are oxidase negative? |
Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter |
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Which bacteria are nonmotile? |
Shigella sp., Klebsiella |
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Which are motile? |
Enterobacteriaceae, Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, Vibrionaceae, pseudomonadaceae |
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Name the Vaccines for respiratory infections? |
DtaP, Pneumovax S. pneumo, Prevnar (conjugated) S. pneumo, Haemophilus, type b conjugate vaccines |
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Name the Vaccines for enteric infections? |
[Purified Vi antigen (S. typhi)], [live, attenuated vaccine: Salmonella typhi Ty21A], [Killed whole cells: Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella enterica, serovar Typhi] |
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What are the most common kinds of infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus? |
toxin mediated: (toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning, scalded skin syndrome); cutaneous (impetigo, carbuncles, folliculitis); other (bacteremia, empyema, acute endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia) septic arthritis |
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What are the most common kinds of infection caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis? |
bacteremia, endocarditis, surgical wounds, UTI |
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What are the most common kinds of infection caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus? |
UTI, opportunistic infections |
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What are the most common kinds of infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae? |
pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media |
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What are the most common kinds of infection caused by Group A streptococci? |
pharyngitis (strep), scarlet fever, pyoderma, impetigo, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis |
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What are the most common kinds of infection caused by Group B streptococci? |
neonatal bacteremia and memingitis, elderly and pregnant women bacteremia |
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What are the most common kinds of infection caused by Enterococcus sp? |
UTI, wound infections, bacteremia and endocarditis |
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