| Term | Definition |
|
transform boundaries |
moderate and shallow earthquakes occur here |
|
convergent boundaries |
strong and deep earthquakes occur here |
|
divergent boundaries |
weak and shallow earthquakes occur here |
|
P-waves |
move back and forth; fastest; can travel through all material |
|
S-waves |
move like a snake; second to arrive; cannot go through liquid mass |
|
surface waves |
move ground up and down in circles; slowest; most destructive; feels like a roller coaster |
|
elastic rebound |
this causes earthquakes; the ground suddenly retains original shape |
|
epicenter |
the ground directly above where the earthquake occured |
|
focus |
the direct area of seismic activity |
|
moho |
seismic waves travel much faster upon reaching this area |
|
shadow zone |
area where no direct seismic waves can be detected |
|
seismograph |
an instrument that records seismic waves |
|
seismogram |
a recording of the shaking motion in earthquakes |
|
seismic gap |
a particular area along a seismic-active location where unusually few earthquakes have occured |
|
gap hypothesis |
the theory that areas where few earthquakes have occured are likely to experience aerious quakes in the future |
|
seismology |
the study of earthquakes |
|
sunquakes |
caused by solar flares; much stronger than our earthquakes |
|
moonquakes |
seismic waves last much longer than they do on Earth |
|
marsquakes |
some earthquakes, though seismographs often acted more like a wind gauge because of the wind |
|
mass damper |
a weight in the building roof that will counteract w/ building movement when activated |
|
active tendon system |
a weight in the building's base, similar to the mass damper |
|
base isolators |
these are in the base of the building; made of rubber w/ a lead core; absorb seismic waves to avert their travel through the building |
|
cross braces |
steel braces in between the floors that support the building during earthquakes |
|
body waves |
seismic waves that travel through the Earth's interior |
|
surface waves |
seismic waves that travel along the Earth's surface |
|
time-distance graph |
compares the distance between P waves and S waves |
|
S-P time method |
the common method used to find an earthquake's epicenter |
|
Ritcher scale |
tool used for measuring earthquake strength |
|
31.7 |
the number of times greater energy an earthquake w/ one # greater magnitude releases than the lower |
|
earthquake hazard |
measures how vulnerable an area is to future earthquakes |