Set: World Civ Exam trimester 1 EVERYTHING and more!

Familiarize

Learn

Test

Play Scatter

Play Space Race
Combine with other sets Login to add to Favorites
Print: Term List | Flashcards Editing not allowed
Export Deleting not allowed

Sharing

With groups: pinecrest, PINE CREST 8TH GRADE (edit)
HTML link to set: Plain link:
Share on Facebook Share on MySpace

All 419 Terms

Term Definition
history an accumulation of everything that has happened in the past since writting began (After 3000 BC)
prehistory history that happened before wiritng was invented, before wirtten records (before 3000 BC)
what did history begin with (which writing form)? hyroglifics
Which civilizaiton did writing begin? egyptians
When did history being? 3000 bc
why do we study history? so that we learn from the mistakes made so that they dont happen again and to appreciate contributions of ancestors
who contributed to democracy? greeks
what is an anarchy? when a place has no government at all
what is an oligarchy? when a small group of people rule
which is longer history or prehistory and why? prehistory because it was before writing, 3000 bc so it goes negativily backwards
how is cunieaform written? etchings
how is hyeryroglifics written? pictures
when were the earliest cave paintings created? 30,000 bc
What do the Egyptians write in? Hieroglyphics
What do the Sumerians write in? Cuneiform
monotheistic believeing in one god
"those who cannot remember the past are condemed to repeat it" written by George Santayana who lived in the 1800's
Name one problem with studying history people who record history have different perspectives on events
what problems can you come accross when studying history? false information, bias, and prejudice
bias being partial from your own personal expericence
prejudice an opinion thats fromed beofre facts are knowen and are usually unfavorable
culture what humans aquire by living together; ex art, food, dress, beliefs, religion, language
civilization a highly organized group or socity that has complex institutions, a large group of people, has a goverentment, and has one or more cultures
when was the first actual civilization formed and who was it? around 500 bc with the egyptians
cultural diffusion the spreading of culture
5 characteristics of a civilization 1. the use of metal to produce a surplus of food; 2. form of government to solve problems; 3. division of labor; 4. calender; 5. form of writing
when was copper discovered? around 4000 bc
when was bronze discovered? around 3000 bc
when was iron discovered? around 1200 bc
alloy a metal made of 2 different metals, ex. bronze
Name the first civilization, the country and the continent Nile River, In Egypt, Africa
Name the second civilization, the country and the continent Mesopotamia, In Iraq, Asia
Name the thrid civilization, the country and the continent Huang He, In China, Asia
Name the fourth civilization, the country and the continent Indua River, In Pakistan, Asia
What does Mesopotamia mean? the land between two rivers
Where is Mesopotamia located between the Tigris River (top), and the Euphrates River (bottom)
What is the nickname for Huang He? Yellow river
what does He mean? river
calendar system of measuring time to meed the need of civilizations
what was te earliest calander based on? observations of nature
day sunrise to sunset to sunrise
month full moon to full moon
how long was a lunar month? 29 1/2 days
What problems happend while harvesting food? the eventually moved because the calendar was missing 11 days, the days eventually changed.
How did the civilization make sure that harvesting season and flood season where right each year? they added a day?
how many days in a lunar calendar? how many days are missing? 354, missing 11 days
year flood to flood, season to season
when did weeks come into the calendar? came around for the jewish calendars
solar calendar based on the time it takes for the earth to go around the sun (365 + days) (more acurate
lunar calendar a calendar that goes by the cycles of the moon.
Julian calendar (facts) created in 46 BC; first solar calendar; created by Julius Ceasar; did have leap years; first solar calendar
Gregorian Calendar since 1582; u.s.a uses it; created by pope gregory
bc before christ
bce before the common era
bp before present
ad anno domini (the year of the lord) (latin)
ce common era
Hebrew calendar year 5768; year 1- the biblical date of creation; is a lunisolar calendar
Islamic Calendar lunar calendar; year 1 - mohammad migrated from mecca to medina; used in islamic countries
Chinese Calendar year of the boar (2007); lunisolar; now year 4704; emperor Haung Ti introduced the first cycle of the zodiac
minonians very first greeks lived on isleand of Creet
Which seas surround the penunsula of greece must get right ones
agora a greek market place
hoplite a type of greek soldier
what type of government is Modern Italy? a republic
Since when was Italy its current republic? Italy was a republic since 1946
Question here about democracy and rebpulic sdfasdfasdf
Who is the current prime misnister and since when? Romano Prodi since 2006
When did italy become independent and from whom? 1861 from no one
Who united italy and what did he do? King Victor Emmanuel he was the king of sandinia
What is the capital city Rome
What is the rounded population of Italy? 60 million people
What is the rounded population of Usa? 300 million people
What is the fraction of the population of italians to the population of americans? 1/3 but same geographical size
What type of population is italy? homogeneous
what type of population is america? heterogeneous
What does homogeneous mean? same
what does heterogeneous mean? different
Name the ethnic groups (nationalities) in modern italy? Italian 95%, german, french, albanian, sloveiene
Name the religions in modern italy and name their percents Roman Catholic 90%, other 10% ( jewish, christian, arabain,ect)
Name languages spoken in modern italy Italian(official); german, french, slovenian, english
Describe the climate of modern italy predominantly mediterranian; alpine in the far north, hot dry in the south
What is a mediterranian climate? hot and dry in he summer midle and wet in the winter
What is an alpine climate? cold and snowy
What currency does modern italy use? Euro
How much is one euro worth to a dollar? (1 euro = x dollars) $1.40
name (in order) modern italy's natural resources(top 5) 1. coal, 2. mercury. 3. zinc 4. potash 5. marble
Who is Benito Mussolini? prime minister 1922-1943; established fascist regime that valed nationalism, militarism, and anticommunism, combined with strict censorship and state propeganda; founded the facist party; exicuted in 1945; called Il Dulce which means the leader
What is facism? a form of government that involves total government controll; is usually headed by a dictator; values nationalism
Describe the flag of modern italy green, white, red, vertical stripes
What does the flag symbolize? green represents the country's plains and the hills; white, the snowy Alps; and red, the blood spilt in the Italian Independence wars.
Does italy have any nuclear weaponds? no
what major problems is italy facing today? pollution in water; illegal immagrants; organized crimes; high unemployed rate; terrorism; very low birthrate;
Explain the physical setting of Italy italian peninsula; tiber river -rome - shallow; few good harbors
Where is rome located? on the tiber river
how many hills surronded rome? 7
Why was it important to controll the tiber river? because if flowed horizontally and traders had to cross it (since it was shallow enough), so you could controll who comes in and out of that area of italy
Who was Romelus and Remus sons of mars; legendary founders of rome
Who was rome named after (between the two brothers)? Romelus
Who wrote the Aeneid Virgil, 60 BC
Who was Aeneid? a trojan prince; legenday founder of rome
Who were the first Romans? the latins
latins first kind of civilized group to settle around rome; 750 BC; lived on the plains of latium; farmers found city of rome; lived on the south side
what does plain of latium mean? men of wide plain
Etruscians around 600 BC; were skilled engineeres; had a strong monarchy; skilled metal workers; strong military; had triumphs
What were some of the skills the etruscian engeneers knew how to do? Must Get
what is a "triumph"? a victory parade when new land is conquered and its a parade honoring the generals
what is hubris excessive pride, and you think that you were god
who else were an early settler on the italian pennunsula and where did they settle? the greeks magna Gracia
when did rome become a republic? 509 bc
what is a republic a form of government in which the people elect reporesentataives to run the goverment; a form of democracy
who was in the senate? the wealtiest family of rome;
How many people were in the senate? 300 people
Name the 4 powers of the senate they controlled public funds; decided foreign polocies; acted as a court when needed; named a dictator in times of need
how long could the appointed dictator rule for and what would they do? 6 months, they would comand over the counryand the courts
Name the 4 powers of the popular assemblies? they voted on laws; elected officals; voted over war and peace; ????? ; ?????????
how many tribunes were there? 10
What did the tribunes do? veto any other groups in the governments ideas
how many consuls where there and how long did they rule? 2 people for 1 year
name the 4 powers of the consuls ran the government; comanded the army; appointed the dictator; veto power
what did the preators do? helped the consuls
name the 2 powers of the preators comanded the army in times of need; cover saw the roman legal system in times of peace
name the 3 powers of the censors regestered citizens by their wealth; appointed candidates to senate; oversaw mural conduct of the citizens
checks and balances the divisions of pwers are the checks and balances?
patricians the richer minority of the roman empire; inherted power
plebeians the poorer majority of the roman empire; the working class; couldnt be part of government; could vote but not hold office; couldnt be in army
purple dye represented the patricans because purple dye was expensive
what problems brought about social change? - patricians made up laws that favored them; plebians could marry into class; plebians couldnt hold office; plebians couldnt join the army; plebians could change the laws to favor them; laws werent written down
How did the plebeians gain equality? they went on strike?
what was the key for the strike? every one had to be willing to hold out the strike
what happened in 450 bc? the lawss where written down (first time plebaisns had accesss of goverment);
what what were the laws called and were where the put? the 12 tables in the forum
what was some thing the laws said? it banned debators slavery; some beliebains could hold gov. positions; any male could join the army
whats a forum? a roman market place
by 300 bc... some plebians held all offices; butit was still ran by the wealthiest
what factors lead to roman expansion? the roman army; wise policies;
why was the roman army so good? well trained, organized, disiplined, loyal; the soldiers were speedy, strong, and had much pratice
when not fighting the soldiers did? other work that involes disipline and good skils
auxilia noncitizens that suppimented the army; extra not part of the army; bow men, ect
wise policies the policies that explained citizenship to people
full citizenship went to people _____ under wise policies people near rome and around it
people near rome could.... join the gov.
partial citizenship went to people _____ under wise policies people far but not really far from rome
people far but not to far from rome could.... own property but not vote; provided land for farmers; couldnt hold office
people who were far/ very far from rome..... remained inpenedant from rome but provide soldiers
carthage is located in modern _____? modern tunisa
carthagians where old_____? phoenicicans
first punic war dates? 264 bc - 241 bc (23 year war)
cause of the first punic war: - carthage: feared that rome will expand to sicily (which belonged to carthage):: - rome feared that carthage will close strait of messina
turing point of first punic war: rome builds navy bbsed on carthiginan ships; boarding bridges; trieme
what is a trieme? a ship with 3 levels
what is a bireme a ship with 2 levels
what is boarding bridges? a ship would go right up to another shi and drop a bridge on it locking the boats together and then they would have a land fight
results of first punic war: rome wins; carthage pays indemnity; carthage forced to give up sicily
what are indemnities? money the looser pays the winer for damages and losses
2nd punic war dates? 218 bc - 202 bc
how many years is 2nd punic war after first? 23 years
second punic war cause: -carthage: Hannibal sought revenge for his father loosing first one; - rome: wants controll of medeterranian sea. rome fears that carthage was expanding into spain
second punic war turing point 1: - hannibal invades italy, but attacking by land, he ammases a huge army of elephants (with people on them), foot soldiers, and horses (with people on them); he crosses throught the alps where he looses all his war elephants and 1/2 all his soldiers (foot and horse) ; he gets some of the people in the po river valley to help him
second punic war turing point 2: hannibal ravages italian country side (battle of cannae); he would of attacked rome but he had no seige weponds to fight with;
how does carthage usually attack? by sea
what was hannibals secret wepond? elephants
how did hannibal loose 1/2 of his army? a snow storm
why did the people in the po river valley help hannibal? they were against rome
second punic war turing point romans: roman general scipio attacks carthage (final battle: battle of zama 202 bc)
second punic war results: rome wins; carthage: pays more indemnities; gives all colonies in spain to rome; gives all navy to rome
3rd punic war dates: 149 bc - 146 bc
cause of third punic war: roman veteranians sought revenge from the distruction of second punic war., because they destroyed alot of the farms and country side
turning point of third punic war: senator cato - ended speeches with the words "... and Carthage must be destoryed"
results of third punic war: rome destroys carthage (rome wins) carthage is totaly destoryed; population sold into slavery; fields salted; city burned
by 133 bc .... macidiona, greece, and asia minor conquered; rome is then an empire because of size
empire a form of government that united different terrortires and different people under one ruler
mare nostrum means "our sea" nickname for medeterannian sea for romans
conquered land turns into (after 133 bc): provences
conquered people turn into (after 133 bc): subjects of rome.
conquered people after 133 bc had no righs, were heavily taxed and monitored, not allowed to be citizens, even if right next to rome
what is a procounsul a person who governed the provences for one year; appointed by senate; made sure taxes were collected
what is a publican a tax collector in the provences; like censor in rome; appointed by senate
how were the provences governed? loosly
tax farming corrupt tax collection, often done in provences, it is where more then enought taxes are collected the the tax collectors keep the extra
changes in small farmers life: they loose their land, because of fighting and wars, and status (lively hood); goes to city to start over,
changes in the wealthy's life: they buy land from small farmers and create latifundias; they use slave labor for their latifundias; they sell the food from the latifundas at cheaper prices, which drives out more small farmers
what is a latifundia a large estate made up of land
people who move into the city find: few jobs, croweded condtions, and then they turn to the government for help
trade increased after 133 bc because: its safer for traders to go to other places; exotic things are in high demand; less people attacking
equites a class of buisness people and land owners who became very wealthy
Tiberius Gracchus Grandson of General Scipio; Elected tribune in 133BC; Proposed law to take land back from Senators and give it to the landless. ; Very popular with the masses; Opponents organized a riot where he was killedThe senate where the opponents and they got away with killing Tiberius; He was very popular with the poor people; Scipio lead Romans into Zama;;; - some of the land could off came from the senators
Gaius Gracchus Elected tribune in 123BC ; Proposed using public funds to buy and sell grain to the poor at reduced prices (welfare program); Killed in a riot planned by his enemies. ; The Senate justified killings by claiming the Republic was in danger; Violence becomes “Law of the Land”
General Gaius Marius General elected consul in 107BC; Created a volunteer army (regardless of land ownership) and rewarded soldiers with money, land and loot; Armies became more loyal to generals than Rome
Lucius Cornelius Sulla General elected consul in 88BC; Wanted to restore power to the Senate and aristocracy; Marius blocked a political appointment that Sulla wanted and Sulla took revenge; Sulla’s army attacked Rome (big no no), defeated Marius; Declared himself dictator from 82 – 79 BC; Enlarged the Senate to 600 members; Proved a ruler with strongest army could control Rome
Julius Caesar Nephew of Marius, enemy of Sulla; ; Senate feared he was too ambitious and tried to stop him ; Forms First Triumvirate (rule of three);
How did Julius Caesar gain popularity? Gained popularity by giving grain to the poor
What does triumverate mean? rule of three
why did the three form the first triumverate? must get
who did Julius Caesar form the first triumverate with and when? Crassus and Pompey in 60BC
where was Caesar sent to for the first Triumverate? to gaul
What did caesar write that was read in the forum and what were they about? he wrote “Commentaries on the Gallic War” about his conquests.
After Crassus’ death, Pompey orders Caesar to Rome to stand charges of what? treason
Crossing the Rubicon Caesar makes an irreversible decision to attack Pompey
who did Caesar have an affair with? Cleopatra
46 BC... Caesar made sole ruler of Rome
what did Caesar do under his rule as sole ruler? Increased Senate to 900, (reduced power); Gives land to the poor and veterans; Gave citizenship to the provinces; Created Julian calendar
44BC on Ides of March... Caesar assassinated by Marcus Brutus and other members of the Senate
Gnaeus Pompey Successful general, supporter of Sulla; Spent most of his career helping to consolidate Rome’s holdings in the provinces; Joins the First Triumvirate which proves to be unstable;
who does Gnaeus Pompey marry? Marries Caesar’s daughter, cementing relationship
where is Gnaeus Pompey put incharge in the first triumverate? Pompey is put in-charge of Rome (with all it’s problems) while Caesar wins fame and popularity conquering Gaul
what does Gnaeus Pompey convince the Senate that Caesar .....? is a threat and orders him to Rome
where does Gnaeus Pompey flee to? Egypt where he is killed
Licinius Crassus Elected consul 97BC; Considered the wealthiest man in Rome; Supporter of Sulla; Member of First Triumvirate
who crushed the slave revolt? who was the revolt lead by? Licinius Crassus; lead by Spartacus
where was Licinius Crassus sent to and what happened there? Sent to conquer land in the east, died in battle in 53 BC. Head cut off and filled with gold
Octavian 18 year old grand nephew of Caesar, later adopted; Formed Second Triumvirate
who formed the second triumverate, with who and when? Octavian in 43BC with Antony and Lepidus after Caesar’s death
what did octavian do under the second triumverate? Eliminated thousands of Caesar’s opponents
why did they form the second triumverate? must get
who split control of the empire after the second triumverate? Octavian and Antony split control of empire
Octavian wins what title? “Augustus” or the revered one.
name some of the accomplishments by Octiavian. greatly expanded the frontiers; reduced power of the Senate; began a period known as Pax Romana or Roman Peace
Marc Antony One of Caesar’s generals; member of Second Triumvirate; Married to Octavian’s sister; Falls in love with Cleopatra; Antony and Cleopatra declare war on Rome in 31 BC which they lose; Antony and Cleopatra make a suicide pact but initially only Antony kills himself
Tiberius Adopted son of Octavian; Continues many of Octavian’s policies; Married Octavian’s daughter; Suspicious of aristocrats in the Senate; Many people were executed on rumors
Caligula Adopted son of Tiberius; Had no political experience before becoming emperor; Suffered a nervous breakdown 6 months later; Became increasingly erratic and violent, “Let them hate me as long as they fear me.”; Spent money on foolish projects, banished or killed many family members, claimed to be all the gods combined, made his horse a consul; Murdered by his own men after insulting the army
what does caligula's name mean? “Little Boots”
Claudius Originally passed over after Tiberius’ death; Army appointed him emperor; Conquered Britain; Unlucky in love, married three times; Last marriage proved fatal. Married Agrippina, (Caligula’s sister) and adopted her son Nero; Many suspect she poisoned Claudius so Nero could be emperor.
Nero Very controversial emperor even in his own time; Initially tried to rule as Octavian; Received classical Greek education; Murdered his meddling mother; Bankrupted Rome to pay for personal pleasures; Blamed Christians for fire in Rome. “Nero fiddle while Rome burned.”; Committed suicide in 68AD
who was the Last of the Julio Claudian emperors (related to Caesar)? Nero
Trajan Adopted by Nerva (previous emperor); One of the “Good Emperors”; Professional soldier from Spain; 1st non-Italian emperor; Brought Rome to it’s height in size (about size of US)
Hadrian Trajan appointed him on his deathbed; Organized and “Romanized” (built bridges, roads and aqueducts throughout the empire); Ruled during the height of the Pax Romana or Roman peace; Strengthened borders; Built Hadrian’s Wall across Britain
Marcus Aurelius Last of the “Good Emperors”; Well educated, loved philosophy; Opposed war but was forced to defend the frontier; Wrote “Meditations” personal reflections of his beliefs; End of the Pax Romana
After death of jesus apostles continued to spread teachings
What does pax romano mean? roman peace
facts: pax romano - height of the socitity; - most dominant time; -
Who did the pax romano start with and end with? Octavian (start) - Marcus Aurelius (end)
What where the dates of the pax romano? 27 BC - 180 AD ; 200 Years
1 factor that help Rome build and maintain their empire the government made laws that were enforced and revised
1 factor that help Rome build and maintain their empire strong economy because traveling was easier due to everyone was under Romes power
1 factor that help Rome build and maintain their empire Rome had a strong army, they defeated the frontier and controlled the provences
How did the role of empereor change during the pax romana? emperor took power from senate and assemblies
Pontifex Maximus used to be the name of the position for the hight preist but became the new name for the emperor
Augustus Ceasar the other offical name of the emperor; means the revered one
When was the pax romano for the USA? 1940's to 2006
Facts: roads - to communicate, trade, for the army to move quickly and protect; - build by slaves and the army; roads layered and build to last; - in total slaves and soldiers had built 60,000 miles of roads,; had wayhomes; - standardized
What is a wayhouse? a rest area on roards; sleep there, new hourse roads, ext
Facts: villa/home furniature was calm and fuzzy, bed benchs; had running water
When did the patricians go to the villas? during vacation or the summer
Where did the patricians live during the year? Palantine
fresco a painting that was painted into wet plaster
mosaiscs used glass ext to make a picture
atrium the offical like walkin area usuallly open and airy
when was the colosseum finished and how long did it take? around 80 AD and took around 10 years
Facts: colosseum -built as a multipourpourpose arena, retractiable room and floor, build for gladiator and enterrtainment, - arches and concrete helped made construction faster
how many people did the colosseum seat? 50,000 people
What is a thratian? a type of gladiator that is lightly armoured
What is a samnite? a type of gladiator that is heavily armoured
How long did gladiators fight till? Usually they fought to the death
"Those who are about to die salute you" said to the highest people at the battle before it started( said by gladiators)
Who wanted to be a gladiator and why? normal people did because they wanted to become rich and famouse
lanista the owner of the school for the gladiators
what does circus mean? ring
Facts: Circus maximus a ring in which charriot races where done; people could die; very searious sport; fights might happen in the stands; betting was very popular
How many people could fit in the Circus Maximus? over 200,000 people
what did the colors represent they represent the different teams
spina long concrete row in centre used to mark laps and display art
what where romans baths back then like now they were like spas
What was important to romans? (h) hygene was important
Facts: spa - was open to all citizens; - had to pay to go into spa;
Name some ways the baths had water and steam they had underground vents and aquaduct
fridadarium room that cools you off and closes up your pores
what is an aquaduct? a system that transports water from one place to another
Pont du Gard an aquaduct in france thats still standing
what are aqua ducts based on gravity
Facts: aquaducts they transported water in and out of the city
what did aquaducts combine they combined beauty and function
tunics and togas some of the clothing everyone had
fabrics used by wealthy people whool, cotton, silk, linnen
whool cheapest, very breathable for summer, warm for winter
linnen wrickels faster; tougher fabric
Facts: fashion richer people used alot of accessories,,
stola garment worn by married people
standard outfit *men and women* toga
red shoes wealthier people used red shoes
What did the romans like to do with their food make it visually appleasing
Facts: food they liked to eat exotic things; like spices;
wedding cake offering to jupeter, 1st slice to jupeter then to the bride and groom
what did the bride wear? a white tunic and an orage veil and shoes
the night before the girl gets married? she gives awayy her toys and gives back her bulla
bulla birth locket
ring finger believed to connect a nerve to the heart
when did mt. vesuvius explode? 8/24/79 AD
Which cities where destoryed and on which side? herculaneun (north side), pompii (south side)
what really killed the people the sut and ash in the air because they didnt know how to exactly breath it
how fast did the hot ash/.pummace fall? 60-180 mph
What happened on the 25th the major explosion that really killed everyone
Pliney the Younger survivor or pompii and recoredd all the events
polytheistic - the beliefe in one god; modeled after the greeks
Praticices of the Polytheistic romans rituals, ceremonies, festivals olumpics sacrifies
teaples to what honor the gods
Where could romans also worship (polytheism)? in their homes
Facts: Abraham 1950 BC; from Sumer ( city of Ur); was a prophet; father of Judaism; believed in monotheism; god lead him to Canaan;
prophet one who talked to god
Facts : Moses 1200 BC; prophet; led jews out of slavery from egypt; jewish by birth raised egyptian (egyptian royality); recieved 10 commandments
10 commandments moral/ethical guildlines for living
Facts: Saul around 1000 B.C.; unites 12 tribes; first king of isreal
Facts: David sucessor to Saul, captured jerusalem
Facts: Solomon Son and sucessor to david; brings isreal to height; golden age`
Dissagreenebts bwtween tribes Dissagreenebts bwtween tribes cause civil war, isreal splits in to (weakens both)
by 700 B.C. both parts (2) of isreal were conquered
By 6 AD judea was a pr