5 Written Questions

1. belief bias
2. concept
3. confirmation bias
4. mental set
5. algorithm

5 Matching Questions

1. a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.
2. the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
3. a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).
4. the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments.
5. the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.

1. a overconfidence
2. b prototype
3. c heuristic
4. d fixation
5. e functional fixedness

5 Multiple Choice Questions

1. availability heuristic
   1. judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.
   2. the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
   3. the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
   4. estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
2. language
   1. our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
   2. all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
   3. in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
   4. Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
3. syntax
   1. a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
   2. the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
   3. in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
   4. a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.
4. representativeness heuristic
   1. the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
   2. in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
   3. judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.
   4. estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
5. babbling stage
   1. our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
   2. in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
   3. all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
   4. at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.

5 True/False Question

1. in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. → phoneme
   

   True        False

2. early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--"go car"--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words. → grammar
   

   True        False

3. the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. → framing
   

   True        False

4. Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. → linguistic determinism
   

   True        False

5. in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix). → phoneme
   

   True        False