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5 Written Questions

1. Dar. Nature has no permanent essence, everything is in constant flux and changing for survival of the fittest. Aristotle- everyone should have a higher goal.
2. Deduction is mathematical, induction is learning from experience, and abduction is evidence to reach a wider conclusion, best guess by the smartest people in the field.
3. All knowledge begins with experience; all experience is grounded in sense perception. No innate ideas. All that can truly be said to exist is what can potentially affect our sense organs. It is the opposite of rationalism.
4. Human beings are prone to the spirit of revenge, attitude adjustment.
5. Kant’s categories of understanding fall under phenomena theory of cognition. They are Space and time and necessary possible for existence.

5 Matching Questions

1. Nietzsche’s critique of the Good and the just:
2. Superman (overman):
3. Method of doubt
4. Cogito ergo sum
5. Methods of authority, tenacity, and science:

1. a Authority is allowing someone to tell you what to do, Tenacity is forming your own truth and sticking with it (tradition), and science is experimenting to find the answers.
2. b “I think therefore I am” Descartes argues that one must doubt everything that one cannot be absolutely sure of. Descartes contends that the only thing humans can be sure of is their own existence. From there on they must form clear and distinct ideas to discover truth. For example, I have a clear and distinct idea of a perfect being. Thus the perfect being, or God, must exist
3. c God died and now we have to discover a new reason of existence. Once you realize that god is dead and you go through the 3 metaphysics to become the superman.
4. d Descartes says that we must doubt everything we cannot be absolute sure of. He observes, “Give me certainty or give me skepticism.” We become sure of things through clear and distinct ideas”
5. e Man is the cruelest animal and likes to see people suffer.

5 Multiple Choice Questions

1. you have to doubt everything, it keeps you objective and forces inquiry.
   1. Perice on the value of doubt:
   2. Ethics of belief:
   3. Pragmatic concept of truth:
   4. Method of doubt
2. Induction is to generalize from past experience to some conclusion, often a quasi-universal principal. All ravens have been black. Or, the sun will rise everyday. Such inferences presuppose the uniformity of nature that is the future will be like the past. It assumes the uniformity of nature: Hume
   1. Forms of intuition
   2. Spirit of Gravity:
   3. Method of doubt
   4. Problem of Induction
3. A non-analytical truth that everyone agrees is necessarily true. (A straight line is the shortest distance between two points.) Kant points out there is nothing in the concept of “straight line” that has anything to do with distance. Solution to the problem of induction.
   1. Deduction, induction, and abduction
   2. Synthetic a priori judgments (and why they are important
   3. Theological suspension of the ethical
   4. Eternal return of the same:
4. Kant: believe that the universal principles of reason can be applied a priori throughout all time and space, whether we experience it or not. The order of mind and that of nature are one. (Plato, Descartes, Leibniz, Spinoza)
   1. Empiricism
   2. Pragmatism:
   3. Rationalism
   4. The absurd
5. Kirkeerguard- some times god suspends the action because he’s higher than us; Abraham example it’s ok because god knows best, more faith something requires the better it is.
   1. Ethics of belief:
   2. Eternal return of the same:
   3. Pragmatic concept of truth:
   4. Theological suspension of the ethical

5 True/False Question

1. Subjective vs objective thinking: → Kant’s categories of understanding fall under phenomena (or possible objects of experience) in his theory of cognition. They include judgments on quantity, quality, and modality.
   

   True        False

2. Pragmatism: → The true meaning of a belief and the practical bearing that it has on life. They are continuously questioning one’s belief. Pierce believes in a community of inquires. If two beliefs have the same outcome than pragmatically they are the same!
   

   True        False

3. The absurd → The last man was a weak-willed individual, one who is tired of life, takes no risks, seeks only comfort and security.The last man would be the product of socialism, democracy and other egalitarian belief systems.
   

   True        False

4. Ortonlogical argument (Descartes’ version) → Kirkeerguard- some times god suspends the action because he’s higher than us; Abraham example it’s ok because god knows best, more faith something requires the better it is.
   

   True        False

5. Pragmatic concept of truth: → The true meaning of a belief and the practical bearing that it has on life. They are continuously questioning one’s belief. Pierce believes in a community of inquires. If two beliefs have the same outcome than pragmatically they are the same!
   

   True        False