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respiratory system

Terms in this set (51)

during respiration ________ is delivered to all body cells, and __________ ___________ is transported in the opposite direction.
Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide
List 4 secondary functions of respiration
Voice production, body temp. regulation, acid-base balance regulation, sense of smell
What is phonation?
the act of producing sound
Where does voice production begin?
Larynx
What is another name for larynx?
voice box
The vocal cords(folds) stretch across the lumen of the
Larynx
Superficial blood vessels lining the nasal passages_____ inhaled air to prevent ____________.
warm, hypothermia
Panting increases ___________ of fluids to _________ circulating blood.
evaporation, cool
When blood has a higher CO2 level, the blood pH is ______.
lower
what is the normal pH of blood?
7.4 (range 7.35-7.45)
List the structures of the upper respiratory tract.
Nostrils, nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea
What are nares?
Nostrils
The nasal passages lie between the _______ and ________.
nares, pharynx
The midline between the nasal passages is called the ________ __________.
nasal septum
The _________ (nasal conchae) divide each nasal passage into the _________, _________, and _________ nasal meatus
Ventral, middle, and dorsal
what type of epithelium lines the nasal passages?
Pseudostratified columnar
The nasal passages _________, _________, and __________ inhaled air.
warm, humidify, and filter
The sinuses are ciliated outpouchings of the _____ _____.
Nasal passages
What is the common passageway for respiratory and digestive systems?
pharynx
What is another name for pharynx?
throat
The soft palate divides the rostral end of the pharynx into which 2 parts?
Nasopharynx and oropharynx
The caudal end of the pharynx opens into which 2 parts?
Esophagus, Larynx
What is another name for the larynx?
Voice box
The larynx connects the __________ with the ___________.
pharynx, trachea
The larynx is supported by the _________ bone.
hyoid
List the cartilage segments of the larynx.
Epiglottis(1), Arytenoid cartilages(2), Thyroid cartilage(1), Cricoid cartilage(1)
What is the most rostral cartilage of the larynx?
Epiglottis
What is the function of the Epiglottis?
covers laryngeal opening during swallowing
Which laryngeal cartilage segment do the vocal cords attach to?
Arytenoid Cartilages
Which laryngeal cartilage segment forms the boundaries of the glottis?
Arytenoid cartilages
What is another name for trachea?
windpipe
What is the bifurcation of the trachea?
Division of the trachea into right and left main bronchi
What prevents collapse of the trachea during inhalation?
C-shaped rings
list the structures of the lower respiratory tract
Bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
Bronchodilation is the result of _________ nervous system stimulation.
Autonomic
Bronchoconstriction is the result of __________ nervous system stimulation.
Autonomic
The base of the lungs lies directly on the cranial surface of the __________.
Diaphragm
What is the area between the lungs called?
Mediastinum
What is the hilus of the lungs?
Small, well-defined area on the medial side. Air, blood, lymph, and nerves enter and leave the lung
What are the boundaries of the thoracic cavity?
Thoracic vertebrae, Ribs and intercostal muscles, sternum
What forms the caudal boundary of the thoracic cavity?
Diaphragm
What structures are contained within the thoracic cavity/
Lungs, heart, large blood vessels, nerves, trachea, esophagus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes
What structures are found in the mediastinum?
Heart, trachea, esophagus, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic structures
What type of muscle fibers are found in the diaphragm?
Skeletal muscles, acts as respiratory muscle
What are the main inspiratory muscles?
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
What are the main expiratory muscles?
Internal intercostal and abdominal muscles
Although breathing can be consciously controlled for brief periods of time, the timing and strength of respiratory muscle contraction are controlled by the respiratory center in the _________ ___________ of the __________ ___________.
Medulla oblongata, brain stem
When there is an increased level of CO2 in blood, what happens to the blood pH, and what happens to breathing?
pH decreases, rate and depth of respiration increase
When there is a decreased level of CO2 in blood, what happens to the blood pH, and what happens to breathing?
pH increases, rate and depth of respiration decrease
What is hypoxia?
Low levels of oxygen in tissue
What is hypoxemia?
Low levels of blood in tissue
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