Official Paananen Unit 3 Age of Reform Study Guide

Terms in this set (81)

A religious movement focusing on the fact that individuals had some control over their path to salvation and that they would not automatically become saved
This led to the creation of various new Christian sects such as the Methodists who proposed "cheerful activism", Presbyterians who participated in social work , Baptists who embraced simplicity, and the African Methodist Episcopal church that attracted blacks
This also led to religious influence on social reform efforts
There were many revivals on the frontier that bridged various divisions

Utopian Communities

Shakers in New York who preached God as a dual personality(male element and female element)
Oneida Community in New York that was focused on the fact that every man was "married" to every woman and vice versa
New Harmony community in Indiana helped incite intellectual advancement but the idealists in the community did not agree with one another
Brook Farm was a community of Transcendentalists in Boston that failed
Slavery became the target of reformers' wrath which led to the movement of abolitionism to a center stage

Mormon Religion and Experience

A religion formed by Joseph Smith, the son of Vermont farmers
He said that he was visited by an angel who led him to the Book of Mormon
Smith translated the hieroglyphic text he found into the Book of Mormon(dismissed all other denominations and opposed slavery)
Smith gained the support of many poor devout farmers who desired a pure kingdom of Christ in America

Transcendentalism

A movement that emphasized things above reason
Intuition and the fact that everyone has some divinity were the basis of this movement
Transcendentalists focused on individual freedom and the reformation of society

Abolition

A movement by free blacks and northern whites to free slaves in the south
Supported by religious text, Enlightenment ideas, the Constitution, and the Declaration of Independence

Slavery

Whites who supported slavery rooted their arguments in the fact that slaves are not men so they do not gain recognition and religious ideas that said that whites are superior to blacks
Slave owners also justified that slavery could not be banned as it formed the backbone of the southern economy

Cotton and Slave Statistics

From 1790 to 1810 cotton production surged from 3,000 bales a year to 178,000 bales
From 1790 to 1810 the number of slaves in the South jumped from 700,000 to 1,200,000
By 1808, slave traders had brought 250,000 additional Africans to the United States

Slave Rebellions

Organized slave resistance was not very common due to white authority and firepower
Only 3 major attempts to rebel and of them, 2 were betrayed before they started
A slave,Gabriel, started a plot in Richmond to take key points and start a slaughter of whites(betrayed)
Denmark Vesey plot in Charleston was designed to assault the whites, seize ships, burn Charleston, and escape to Santo Domingo(failed)
The Denmark Vesey plot led to decreased liberties for free blacks
Nat Turner rebellion in rural Virginia professed a divine mission to lead a slave rebellion
Turner and other slaves were able to kill 55 whites before the uprising was suppressed
Most slaves preferred sabotage to actually rebel over running away as a way to rebel

Racism

Racism against Africans was rooted in the psychology of color as well as support from the Bible that supposedly stated that Africans were inferior to whites

Women's Rights

Social reform led to middle-class women getting a chance to enter public life
This became a key issue to many women and they pushed to move out of their gender roles
Not much change during this time period

"Cult of Domesticity"

Catharine Beecher, an education movement leader, published a guide prescribing the domestic sphere for women
This document, called A Treatise on Domestic Economy became the leading handbook on the cult of domesticity
The cult of domesticity is the idea that the women should be more religious than men, be pure in heart, mind, and body, submit to their husbands, and stay at home

Limitations on Women

Women were forced to stay at home and engage in domestic arts such as cooking and taking care of children
Women were barred from most professions and they could not pursue higher education
They had no control over property or children
They could only perform the majority of legal activities with the consent of their husband

Seneca Falls Convention

A meeting arranged by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton that was held to discuss the condition and rights of women
Place where the Declaration of Sentiments was signed
Important first step in the evolving campaign for women's rights

Declaration of Sentiments

Document issued during the Seneca Falls Convention that was signed by 1/3 of the women present
Stated that "all men and women are created equal" and that the fact that women are treated as inferior to men is contrary to nature itself

Temperance

A key issue caused by the increasing amount of drink in the United States(one primary cause was immigrants)
Alcohol was a sin which led many to believe that it must be abolished for the United States
Temperance propaganda focused on how alcohol made innocent mothers and children suffer
The American Temperance Union was formed to promote the prohibition of alcohol which caused moderates to abstain from the temperance movement

Education

A movement that led to the creation of some public schools and an object of equality for the country
Some educational opportunities were opened to women but most were for men
Higher educational opportunities increased in number
Though there was a push for education for all, this did not occur due to a lack of funding and traditional values

Impact of Tech

The impact of Eli Whitney's cotton gin was an increase in cotton production which in turn caused an increase in the number of slaves in the south

Immigration

Irish immigrants moved to the United States due to the Irish potato famine and they took up industrial jobs
German immigrants were educated and maintained their own cultural communities in America
Scandinavians went to the current-day Midwest and the Chinese went to California
British also came
There were "native" Americans who were whites born in the United States who opposed immigrants(especially Catholics)
An organization called the Order of the Star-Spangled Banner became an American party called the Know-Nothing party that vowed to never vote for foreign-born or Catholic candidates
In the end, however, Congress never restricted immigration

Dorothea Dix

The most important figure in heightening the public's awareness of the plight of the mentally ill
A Boston schoolteacher who commenced a two-year investigation of Massachusetts insane asylums and found out how horrible they were
She traveled across the country to preach about better treatment for the mentally ill
Her actions were monumental in helping to transform social attitudes toward mental illness

Brigham Young

The Mormon successor to Joseph Smith
The strong-minded, intelligent, and stern leader moved the Mormons to Utah
They organized their new territory and when Utah became part of the United States, Brigham Young was named territorial governor and they had virtual independence and defied federal authority for about 20 years

Nat Turner

The leader of the only successful slave rebellion
A black overseer of slaves, he professed a divine mission to lead a slave rebellion
Turner and other slaves were able to kill 55 whites in rural Virginia before the uprising was suppressed

Denmark Vesey

Leader of failed slave rebellion in Charleston that was designed to assault the whites, seize ships, burn Charleston, and escape to Santo Domingo

Charles Finney

Most successful evangelist in the New York area
He proposed the fact that Finney focused on collective conversion experiences that gave more power to the individual to gain salvation
He also thought that Christians had a moral obligation to improve society as well
He looked to reform various social ills such as alcoholism, prostitution, war, and slavery

Horace Mann

The primary leader behind the early drive for statewide school systems
This lawyer created and led the Massachusetts state board of education
He also sponsored reforms that trained teacher and a school year of at least six months
Mann believed that a public-school system would help achieve social stability and equal opportunity

Ralph Waldo Emerson

A Transcendentalist who traveled across Europe and became a poet and speaker
He preached the sacredness of nature, optimism, self-reliance, and the unlimited potential of the individual
He wrote very freely and emphasized individualism and independence and he told people to explore America rather than being obsessed with European "culture"

Henry David Thoreau

Friend of Emerson who practiced self-reliance
He referred to nature as a living Bible
He wanted to free himself from conventional life without becoming a hermit
He greatly opposed slavery and even refused to pay his poll tax in retaliation which led to him going to jail
He became a powerful influence for resistance movements of the future

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Arranged the Seneca Falls Convention with Lucretia Mott that was held to discuss the condition and rights of women
Helped establish the Declaration of Sentiments
Graduate of Troy Female Seminary who refused to be "a household drudge"

Sarah and Angelina Grimke

Daughters of South Carolinian slave holders
Moved to the north and become anti-slavery and women's rights activists
Talked to audiences about how women have the right to express themselves and that slavery is evil

Lucretia Mott

Arranged the Seneca Falls Convention with Elizabeth Cady Stanton that was held to discuss the condition and rights of women
Helped establish the Declaration of Sentiments
Philadelphia Quaker

Emma Willard

Founder of "female seminary" in Troy, New York
These were elementary educational institutions for girls except they focused more on social amenities and less important topics such as music and art

Sojourner Truth

African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist who escaped from slavery to the north

Frederick Douglass

Former slave who escaped to the north and wrote powerful essays on the evil nature of slavery

David Walker

Outspoken African-American abolitionist and anti-slavery activist

Elijah P. Lovejoy

American newspaper editor who was killed due to the fact that he was printing pro-abolition papers

William Lloyd Garrison

Prominent American abolitionist, journalist, suffragist, and social reformer
Blasted the Constitution as a pro-slavery document

George Fitzhugh

George Fitzhugh was an American social theorist who published racial and slavery-based sociological theories in the antebellum era
He argued that "the negro is but a grown up child" who needs the economic and social protections of slavery

John C. Calhoun

South Carolinian senator who was pro-slavery and was the first person to propose the splitting of the United States(essentially caused the Civil War)

John L. O'Sullivan

A writer who proposed the theory of Manifest Destiny that said God deemed that the United States should extend itself from the Atlantic to the Pacific and beyond
He also believed that the United States should lay claim to Mexican land as the Mexicans are an inferior and that they have a "backward" civilization

Stephen F. Austin

A empresario who established a colony in Texas that was pure and issued many land grants to American settlers

James K. Polk

Expansionist president who caused the United States to enter war with Mexico as he desired more land for the country

Connections between Slavery/Women's Rights

The women's rights movement grew out of abolition
This was because the conflict on whether women could participate in the abolition movement led to women seeking more rights for themselves
The abolitionist movement armed women with the tools and blueprint to successfully advance their movement for more rights

Connections between Temperance, Immigration, and Education

Many Germans and Irish who immigrated to the United States drinking heavily which led to an increasing desire to prohibit alcohol
Many immigrants(especially Germans) brought a system of education with them to the United States and there was more desire to make education a point of equality for all

Connections between Transcendentalism, 2nd Great Awakening, and Abolition

The 2nd Great Awakening led to more individualism in the experience with God including a lot more Christian denominations that appealed to free blacks and slaves
Transcendentalism also focused on the individual but also on social reform and intuition and many transcendentalists such as Henry David Thoreau greatly opposed slavery

Connections between Racism, Economics, and the Psychology of Color

In European culture, white was a color of purity and black was a color of evil and sin which led to racism against Africans who had a dark skin color
Also, slavery was the backbone of the southern economy and its cash crops and, as such, if it was outlawed, it would cripple the southern economy

Ethos

Appeal to ethics
Based on showing the audience that you are a credible source

Logos

Appeal to logic
Based on the use of logic and reason to convince

Pathos

Appeal to emotion
Based on causing an emotional response within the reader/listener

Religion as a Persuasion Technique

Many writers utilized passages from the Bible to justify their positions on various issues
Many abolitionists(especially black ones) compared the Egyptians' treatment of the Hebrews to the slave owners' treatment of the Africans while also explaining how God would not allow this to happen
Supporters of slavery used the Bible as their basis for slavery as they thought the Bible said that whites were superior to dark-skinned people(Africans)
Information that alcohol was a sin was support for temperance

Enlightenment Language as a Persuasion Technique

Many writers utilized Enlightenment language as a call for equality for all people including women and slaves

References to Founding Docs/Ideas as a Persuasion Technique

Many writers connected to various passages in the Declaration of Independence and Constitution to support their points
They used ideals such as "All men are created equal" to attack slavery
Those who fought for women's rights said that this line should be changed to all men and women
Slave owners said that Africans are not men and as such they are not equal

Representation in Congress Tensions

Conflict between north and south due to a fear that one of the sides would gain more power thanks to more states supporting one side of the slave cause leading to either the abolition of slavery or the universal legalization of slavery

Geographic Expansion Tensions

Both north and south did not want the opposite side to gain too much power and tip the balance in the slavery issue
Majority slave owners in the new state of Texas
Conflict between Indians and Americans
Also, conflict between Mexico and America which caused some members of Congress to oppose war while many others supported it

Missouri Compromise Tensions

Fear that there would be too much land in the south out of the territories acquired from Mexico which would tip the balance of slave states and free states; this would have led to the national legalization of slavery

Calhoun Speech Tensions

Calhoun stated that slavery is a fundamental institution that is so embedded into the very nature of the south that it cannot be removed
He also argued that slavery is natural as it is has been a part of every country in this world and that it is necessary for the economic well-being of the south
Calhoun also proposed the separation of the north and south due to their difference of opinion over slavery
This was the precursor to the Civil War as it was one of the first documents to introduce the separation of the north and south
This increased tension between the north and south as more and more people believed that this was the path that the United States was heading towards

Manifest Destiny Rationale

Writer John L. O'Sullivan said that God deemed that the United States should extend itself from the Atlantic to the Pacific and beyond
Used to justify greed and imperial ambition
Those who immigrated to the west wanted land, freedom, and wanted to expand the United States while also spreading religion, regardless of what it would take

Role of westward expansion in increasing sectional tension

Conflict between United States and Mexico on some area disputes
Conflict between settlers and natives living in the area
PRIMARY CONFLICT was would the states be slave states or free states and would the Missouri Compromise apply in this situation?

Texas Immigration

At first, Mexico invited white settlers to come to Texas
Many white settlers invited other settlers to join them in Texas
Stephen F. Austin was one of these "promoters"
Majority of the newcomers were southern farmers who wanted cheap land to use for growing cotton
These farmers, however, brought slavery with them
Since Mexico was against slavery, they outlawed the immigration of more Americans to Texas but the "Anglos" kept coming into the area which eventually led to conflict and independence
Mexico also wanted to increase the flow of manufactured goods into Mexico

Texas Slavery

American immigrants were primarily southern farmers which meant that they brought slavery with them
Since Mexico outlawed slavery, this caused great tensions between the "Anglos" and the Mexican government which eventually caused war

The Alamo

An abandoned mission which was the site of a battle between the Mexican army commissioned by Santa Anna and a group of American volunteers and Tejanos
Santa Anna demanded that the defenders of the Alamo surrender
When the defenders refused, they were brutally assaulted by the Mexicans and only 16 women, children, and servants survived
Though a victory for the Mexican army, twice as many Mexicans died as Americans and this inspired the rest of Texas's Anglos to fight against Mexico

Texas Independence

While the siege of the Alamo was continuing, delegates met and drafted a constitution for the Republic of Texas
The Texas forces led by Sam Houston had a surprise attack on the Mexicans which led to them capturing Santa Anna
Santa Anna was then forced to sign a treaty that recognized Texas as an independent nation in exchange for his freedom

Republic of Texas

The Republic of Texas drafted a constitution that legalized slavery and banned free blacks
Andrew Jackson only recognized the Republic of Texas as a sovereign state on the last day of his presidency
Sam Houston became president
The Mexican congress did not recognize Santa Anna's signing of the treaty that established the Republic of Texas

Texas Annexation

President Polk annexed Texas
The annexation passed after a bitter debate over slavery in Congress
Mexico dispatched troops to the Rio Grande border in outrage

Mexican-American War Causes

Annexation of Texas
Failure of diplomatic approach(John Slidell was sent to buy California, New Mexico, and Texas but he was denied)
Polk's idea that force would be the only method
Polk moved U.S. soldiers near the Rio Grande which caused Mexican soldiers to retaliate which led to Congress's approval of war(even though technically if Polk moved soldiers into Mexican territory, he declared war without Congress's permission)

Mexican-American War Effects

Led to increasing tensions over slavery
US territory was enlarged by 1/3
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo gave the United States Mexican territory and recognized Texas in exchange for 15 million dollars
The Gadsden Purchase later gave the United States current-day New Mexico and Arizona through the payment of 10 million dollars

Wilmot Proviso

A proposed amendment to a military bill that prohibited slavery in lands that might be gained from Mexico
Was rejected but transformed the debate over war to a debate over slavery
Northerner David Wilmot proposed the amendment

Mexican-American War Contemporary Perspectives

Some people believed that the war was good but quite a few also condemned and thought that the Americans were infringing on Mexican property

Lincoln's Role in Mexican-American War

Questioned the truthfulness of Polk's putting men on the Rio Grande situation
Introduced the "Spot Resolution" to ask Polk exactly where the skirmish occurred to see if he illegally intruded on Mexican territory without Congress's permission
In the end, Polk was able to convince Congress and declare war on Mexico

Role of press in Mexican-American War

Newspapers helped created various perspectives and influenced people's views on the war itself
Some papers supported the war while other condemned it influencing people in their area of the country

Mexican-American War Connection to abolition

The Wilmot Proviso brought up the issue of slavery in the new states and turned the debate over war to a debate over slavery
Caused increasing tensions between the north and south over the issue
Fear that one side would gain power over the other to change the course of the country

"Has Mr. Jefferson declared to the world, that we are inferior to the whites, both in the endowments of our bodies and our minds?"

David Walker

"I ask you, O my rethren, are we MEN?"

David Walker

"Then that little man in black there, he says women can't have as much rights as men, 'cause Christ wasn't a woman! Where did your Christ come from? Where did your Christ come from? From God and a woman! Man had nothing to do with Him."

Sojourner Truth

"If my cup won't hold but a pint, and yours holds a quart, wouldn't you be mean not to let me have my little half measure full?"

Sojourner Truth

"We of the South will not, cannot, surrender our institutions."

John C. Calhoun

"Abolition and the Union cannot coexist"

John C. Calhoun

"He the Negro is but a grown up child, and must be governed as a child, not as a lunatic or criminal"

George Fitzhugh

"The negro slaves of the South are the happiest, and, in some sense, the freest people in the world"

George Fitzhugh

"I do not know how to worship God and Mammon at the same time"

William Lloyd Garrison

"Convince me that one man may rightfully make another man his slave, and I will no longer subscribe to the Declaration of Independence"

William Lloyd Garrison

"Fellow-citizens, above your national, tumultuous joy, I hear the mournful wail of millions! whose chains, heavy and grievous yesterday, are, to-day, rendered more intolerable by the jubilee shouts that reach them."

Frederick Douglass

"Would you have me argue that man is entitled to liberty? that he is the rightful owner of his own body? You have already declared it."

Frederick Douglass

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