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Biology 111

Terms in this set (82)

No energy is required because it is thermodynamicaly favorable. It is more statistically likely to happen. The entropy will increase
Why does movement down a concentration gradient not require an input of energy?
1) free energy decreases
2) entropy increases
3) disorder increases
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
makes liquid plant oil more solid
What does partial hydrogenation do?
lipid
What is the name of the molecule with the formula C10H17O6N3S?
1) spontaneous
2) negative delta G
3) releases free energy
4) thermodynamically favorable at equilibrium
5) products predominate
6) Keq>1
Characteristics of exergonic reactions
the speed of the protein channels
What determines Vmax of a facilitated diffusion transport protein?
the cells of large muscles and liver cells
In what organs or tissues does glycogen synthesis take place?
out of
The sodium/potassium active transport pump transports sodium ions ___ the cell.
unsaturated cis fatty acids to unsaturated trans fatty acids with fewer C=C double bonds
What does partial hydrogenation convert?
Energy is required because it is thermodynamically unfavorable.
Why does movement up a concentration gradient require and input of energy?
1) via channel proteins ex: water via aquaporin channel
2) via carrier proteins ex: glucose transporter in liver and muscle cells
What are the two types of facilitated diffusion?
1) Phospholipids
2) Glycoloprotein
3) Protein
What are the three main types of molecules that are found in cell membranes?
1) ring structure
2) has an oxygen in it
3) lots of -OH groups
Characteristics of carbohydrate molecules
to move to an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
What is meant by the phrase "movement down a concentration gradient"?
lysosomes
What organelle digests food particles?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
What organelle detoxifies toxins?
Mitochondria
What organelle has its own circular chromosomes and makes ATP
rough endoplasmic reticulum
What is the name of the molecular machine that synthesizes proteins?
Golgi apparatus
In what organelle does packaging of proteins take place?
everywhere
Where does the catalysis of chemical reactions take place?
1) a chain of carbons and hydrogens
2) hexagons and pentagons
Characteristics of lipids
1) Whether or not a reaction is spontaneous, (can occur without the addition of external energy)
2) whether substrates or products predominate at equilibrium
What does delta G determine?
coupling is achieved by both reactions using the same enzymes, so the same enzyme catalyzes both reactions, and makes the energy transduction happen.
Coupling of exergonic and endergonic reactions
Carbohydrate
A molecule with the formula C6H12O6 is a...
1) non spontaneous
2) positive delta G
3) must add free energy from outside the reaction at equilibrium
4) reactants predominate
5) Keq<1
Endergonic reactions
1) energy is conserved
2) it cannot be created or destroyed
3) can be converted from one form to another
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
simple diffusion
Which type of membrane transport has linear kinetics?
carbohydrates
The cytoskeleton is made of___
proteins
The molecular machine that causes muscles to move is made of ___
nucleic acid
ATP is a __
Energy transduction into the chemical bonds of ATP molecules.
What is the purpose of the mitochondrial electron transport chain?
make ATP from the chemical energy from the oxidation of food molecules.
What is the purpose of aerobic cellular respiration?
exergonic oxidation
Is it exergonic/endergonic?
Is it an oxidation a reduction or nether?
glucose---> CO2
exexergonic oxidation
Is it exergonic/endergonic?
Is it an oxidation a reduction or nether?
glucose---> 2 pyruvate
Exergonic oxidation
Is it exergonic/endergonic?
Is it an oxidation a reduction or nether?
pyruvate----> CO2 +acetyl group (attached to a CoA molecule)
exergonic oxidation
occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
happens in the citric acid cycle
Is it exergonic/endergonic?
Is it an oxidation a reduction or nether?
acetyl group (attached to a CoA)----> 2CO2
where does it occur within the cell?
reduction endergonic
Is it exergonic/endergonic?
Is it an oxidation a reduction or nether?
O2---->H2O
Exergonic oxidation
Is it exergonic/endergonic?
Is it an oxidation a reduction or nether?
NADH--->NAD
endergonic reduction
Is it exergonic/endergonic?
Is it an oxidation a reduction or nether?
FAD---> FADH2
endergonic neither
Is it exergonic/endergonic?
Is it an oxidation a reduction or nether?
ADP + Pi----> ATP+H2O
6
How many carbon atoms does glucose have?
3
How many carbon atoms does pyruvate have?
2
How many carbon atoms does an acetyl group have?
1
How many carbon atoms does carbon dioxide have?
NADH or FADH
What is the initial electron donor to the mitochondrial electron transport chain?
Oxygen
What is the terminal electron acceptor to the mitochondrial electron transport chain?
Secondary active transport
ATP synthase gets the energy to produce ATP from ADP by a mechanism that is most similar to which process?
many endergonic processes arecoupled to ATP--> ADP
Why does a cell need to continuously make ATP from ADP?
cytoplasm
In euakryotic cells, where in the cell does glycolysis happen?
inner mitochondrial membrane
In euakryotic cells, where in the cell does oxidation of pyruvate happen?
mitochondrial matrix
In euakryotic cells, where in the cell does citric acid cycle happen?
inner mitochondrial membrane
In euakryotic cells, where in the cell does electron transport chain?
double stranded DNA and packaging proteins
Definition of chromosomes
hace 2 copies of each type of chromosome. n=# of different types of chromosomes (humans n=23)
Diploid cells
have one copy of each type of chromosome;gametes only
haploid cells
gametes and cells that can undergo meiosis to produce gametes.
germline cells
all other cells of the body, excluding reproduction cells
somatic cells
cell growth, preparation for DNA synthesis (cells that stop cycling will arrest here)
G1 cell cycle phase
DNA synthesis = chromosomes replication = each chromosome--> 2 identical sister chromatids
S phase in the cell cycle
cell growth, preparation for mitosis
G2 cell cycle phase
cytkinesis = cell division
C phase in the cell cycle
one double-stranded DNA
Before S phase, each chromosome in a diploid nucleus consists of____
two identical sister chromatids
After S phase, each chromosome in a diploid nucleus consists of _____
two homologous chromosomes, with DNA sequences that may or may not be identical
After S phase, each type of chromosome in a diploid nucleus consists of ____
two homologous chromosomes with DNA sequences that may or may not be identical.
Before S phase, each type of chromosome in a diploid nucleus consists of____
one double stranded DNA
Each chromosome in a haploid gamete nucleus consists of___.
the sister chromatids separate
During mitosis what happens...
homologous chromosomes separate
During meiosis I
sister chromatids separate
During meisosis II
heterozygote has intermediate phenotype
Incomplete dominance
one gene affects more than one trait
Pleiotropy
one gene modifies the phenotypic expression of another
Epistasis
3 prime
During both DNA replication and transcription, new nucleotides are added to the ____ end of the new polynucleotide chain.
S phase
In what phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication happen?
S phase
In what phase of the cell cycle does chromosome duplication happen?
any cell that makes an egg and the egg itself. Any cell that has the chance to go on the next generation.
In a woman, what types of cells are called "germline" cells?
1- crossing over
2-independent assortment
what are are two mechanisms by which sexual reproduction creates variety in the offspring?
meisosis one
When does crossing over occur?
homologus chromosomes
Crossing over is the exchange of segments between
There would be no check points to checkpoints to check for deformations
How can a non-functioning cellcycle checkpoint can cause a normal cell to become a cancer cell.
pleiotropy
An allele of the BRCA 1 gene causes two phenotypes: an increase in the chance of getting breast cancer, and an increase in fertility. This is an example of ____
Excision repair repairs the DNA in a skin cell when two Thymine's are next to each other.
Explain why someone who is born with faulty DNA excision repair machinery will have a greatly increased chance of getting skin cancer.
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