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HN Biology Chapter 3

Terms in this set (43)

The major principles of the cell theory are:
All living things are made of cells.
• All cells come from other living cells.
• The cell is the most basic unit of life. There is nothing living that is smaller than a cell.
cytoplasm,
a jellylike material that contains the building blocks needed for life.
What are prokaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells are extremely small. Their
DNA floats in the cytoplasm, and they have no distinct*
internal parts.
How many cells are prokaryotes made of?
Prokaryotes, such as bacteria, are made of only
one cell.
What are Eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, which is a membrane
that separates DNA from the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic cells have many types of organelles. Like the nucleus, most organelles are covered by a membrane.
How may cells do Eukaryotes have?
Eukaryotes, such as plants and
animals, are made of one cell or many cells
...
...
How are Eukarotic and prokaryotic cells different?
Prokaryotic cells do not have a
nucleus or other membrane-bound
organelles.

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and
other membrane-bound organelles.
What is a cytoskeleton?
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers. The cytoskeleton is the framework of a cell.
What organelles work together to create proteins?
the nucleus, endoplasmic, reticulum, ribosomes, the Golgi apparatus, and vesicles. Ribosomes
are found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. However, the other organelles—those surrounded by a membrane—are found only in eukaryotic cells.
What is a nucleus?
The nucleus stores and protects the DNA of the cell. DNA contains the genes that are the instructions for making proteins.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of thin, folded membranes that helps in the production of
proteins and other molecules.
What are the two types of ER?
rough and smooth ER
Ribosomes?
Ribosomes are tiny organelles that link amino acids
together to form proteins.
Golgi apparatus?
Each Golgi apparatus is a stack of layers of membranes. In the Golgi apparatus, proteins are changed, put into packages, and carried to other places in the cell.
Vesicles?
Vesicles are small sacs. They carry different molecules to where they are needed.
Mitochondria?
Mitochondria are bean-shaped organelles that produce
chemical energy that is usable by a cell.
Describe the two mitochondria membranes.
The inner membrane has lots of folds that form compartments.
Vacuoles?
Vacuoles are sacs of fluids that store materials in a cell
Lysosomes?
Lysosomes are organelles that contain enzymes. They
protect a cell by attacking incoming bacteria or viruses. They also break down old cell parts.
Centrioles?
Centrioles are shaped like cylinders. They are made of tiny tubes in a circle.
Centrioles are surrounded by the centrosome. What is the centrosome? .
The centrosome is a small region of cytoplasm that organizes proteins into fibers that help cells divide
Cell walls?
The cell wall is a strong, rigid layer that protects, supports,
and shapes the plant cell.
Chloroplasts?
Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis that stores energy from sunlight as chemical energy for the plant. contain chlorophyll
The cell membrane?
The cell membrane is the package that a cell comes in. It is a thin layer that separates the inside of the cell from the outside of the cell. It controls what comes into and goes out of the cell. The cell membrane
is made up of a double layer of phospholipids.
Phospholipids?
made of three parts: a phosphate group, a glycerol, and two fatty acid chains.
fluid mosaic model?
Scientists have developed the fluid mosaic model to describe the cell membrane.
Cell membrane has...
selective permeability. This means that it
allows some materials, but not all, to cross it, or permeate it.
Receptor?
A receptor is a protein that detects a signal and acts
because of it.
Passive transport?
Passive transport is the movement (transport) of molecules without a cell using energy (passive).
Concentration gradient?
A concentration gradient is the difference in the concentration of a substance from one
location to another. Molecules move from one place to another because of this difference in concentration.
Diffusion
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration.
type of transport for diffusion?
The diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane is a type of passive transport.
Osmosis
The diffusion of water molecules is called osmosis.
isotonic solution?
A solution is isotonic to a cell if it has the same concentration of solutes that the cell has. In an isotonic solution, water moves into and out of a cell at equal rates. As a result, cell size remains CONSTANT.
Hypertonic solutions?
A solution is hypertonic if it has a higher concentration of solutes than a cell. This means the cell has a higher
concentration of water than the surrounding fluid. As a result, water diffuses out of the cell, and the cell SHRIVELS.
Hypotonic solution?
A solution is hypotonic if it has a lower concentration of solutes than a cell. This means the cell has a lower
concentration of water than the surrounding fluid. As a result, water diffuses into the cell, and the cell GROWS LARGER
Facilitated diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion enables molecules that cannot directly cross the phospholipid bilayer to diffuse through transport proteins in the membrane. PASSIVE TRANSPORT
Active transport?
During active transport, a cell uses energy to move substances against a concentration gradient—that is,
from a lower to a higher concentration..helps homeostasis.
endocytosis?
endocytosis to take in large materials or liquids. In endocytosis, the cell membrane starts to fold in, forming a pocket around a substance. The pocket breaks off inside the cell, making a vesicle. The contents of the vesicle are then broken down or released into the cell.
Phagocytosis?
Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis in which the cell membrane grows out to surround large particles.
Exocytosis?
Exocytosis is the opposite of endocytosis.
It is the process that moves substances out of the cell. In exocytosis, a vesicle surrounds materials that need to be removed.
Hypertonic solutions?
A solution is hypertonic if it has a higher concentration of solutes than a cell. This means the cell has a higher
concentration of water than the surrounding fluid. As a result, water diffuses out of the cell, and the cell shrivels.
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