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Exam 3 Ch. 10

Terms in this set (45)

Majority-
those with characteristics that are found in more than 50% of a population
Majority
1. In 2012, 63.4% of Americans self-identified as white, non-Hispanic
2. By 2050, nearly one-half of the U.S. population will be composed of racial minorities
Minority Groups
subgroups of the population that consist of fewer than 50% of the population
Race
"The categorization of parts of a population based on physical appearance due to particular historical social and political forces."
Ethnicity
subcultural group within a multicultural society; six main features
Race and ethnicity is operationalized as a way to provide working definitions
1. Classification standards have changed over time
2. New U.S. Census has greatly expanded options
Health Data Sources and Their Limitations
Serious gaps in information and reporting systems
Race and ethnicity may not be reported by health care providers
1. Providers may not know what the federal standards for data collection are about race and ethnicity on their patients for surveillance purposes
2. Health care providers forget or may be reluctant to ask a patient's background
3. Patients may choose not to provide information about their race and ethnicity
4. Staff may not report race and ethnicity data because they do not have access to that information
Bias analysis
two separate data reporting systems used to obtain rates by race and Hispanic origin
Acculturated
cultural modification of an individual or group by adopting to or borrowing traits from another culture
Hispanic origin is an ethnicity classification, not a race
Only ethnic classification in the U.S.
2012 - 16.7% of U.S. population - largest minority group in the U.S.
People of Mexican origin are largest Hispanic group
C. Education, Income, Health Beliefs
African Americans
A. People having origins in any of the black racial groups from Africa
B. 2012 - 13.1% of population - second largest minority group in the U.S.
C. More than half live in southern regions of U.S.
D. Education, Income, Impact of Slavery, Healing Methods
Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
1999 - racial classification separation between Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
Two distinct groups; combining data create constraints for various services
a. Asian Americans: people of Asian descent who trace roots to more than 20 different Asian countries
b. Pacific Islanders - peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands and their descendants
2011 - Asian Americans: 5% of U.S. population
Pacific Islanders: 0.02% of total U.S. population
C. Education, Income, Religious Backgrounds, Health Practices
American Indians and Alaska Natives
A. Original inhabitants of America
1. Less than 2% of total U.S. population
2. Many different American Indian tribal groups and Alaskan villages, each with distinct customs, languages, and beliefs
U.S. Government, Native Americans, and the Provision of Health Care
1. Some tribes are sovereign nations
2. Provision of health services dates back to 1832
Indian Health Service
1. Under HHS, responsible for providing federal health services to Native Americans and Alaskan Natives
a. Goal to raise health status to highest possible level
Refugee
a person who flees one area or country to seek shelter or protection from danger in another
Immigrants
individuals who migrate from one country to another for the purpose of seeking permanent residence
Alien
a person born in and owing allegiance to a country other than the one in which he/she lives
Unauthorized immigrants
those who enter the country without permission
Many from developing countries
a. Poor
b. Little education
c. Few marketable skills
d. Many health problems
Special Concerns
Great impact on public health and social services
Minority health
refers to the morbidity and mortality of American
Indian/Alaska Natives, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, black Americans, and Hispanics in the United State
Health disparities
differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and burden of diseases and other adverse health conditions that exist among specific population groups in the United States
Race and Health Initiative
Aimed at preventing disease, promoting health, and delivering care to racial and ethnic minority communities
Six priority areas
infant mortality, cancer screening and management, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and adult and child immunization
Infant Mortality
a. Infant death rates among all minority groups except Asian Americans are significantly higher than overall population
b. Greatest disparity in black Americans
c. Higher rates of low-birth-weight babies
Cancer Screening and Management
a. Cancer incidence rates among black Americans
b. Disparities in minority groups attributed to lifestyle factors, late diagnosis, and access to health care
Cardiovascular Diseases
a. Death rates from heart disease and stroke vary greatly among racial and ethnic groups
b. Major issues with hypertension
Diabetes
a. Prevalence varies in minority groups
b. Diabetes complications higher in black Americans
HIV Infection/AIDS
a. Proportion has increased among black Americans and Hispanics
b. Higher prevalence of unsafe or risky behaviors, existing co- conditions, and lack of access to health care for early diagnosis and treatment
Child and Adult Immunization Rates
a. Childhood rates do not vary significantly among racial groups
b. Rates among adults have improved, but still racial disparity
Socioeconomic status
relating to a combination of social and economic factors
Socioeconomic Status and Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health
1. Considered the most influential single contributor to premature morbidity and mortality
2. Association between race and ethnicity is complicated and cannot be fully explained
Categories of race are more social than biological
Differences between racial groups are small compared to biological differences within groups
Better health is associated with
more years of education and having more income
Inequities in U.S. between minority groups in education, income, and poverty;
minority groups often occupy lowest socioeconomic rankings
Cultural and linguistic competence
a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals, that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations
Cultural Competence
2. Important principles to consider when planning and implementing health promotion/disease prevention programs
3. Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS) Standards
Empower
to give power or authority; to enable or permit
Empowering the Self and the Community
To acquire better health services, a community must be empowered to do so
Three kinds of power associated with empowerment
social, political, and psychological
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