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Absolutism in Europe

Terms in this set (61)

Phillip II
inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American Colonies. Shy, serious, and deeply religious. Did not allow anyone to help him.
Charles V
inherited Spain, Spain's American colonies, parts of Italy, and lands in Austria and the Netherlands. He also ruled much of Germany. One of the rulers who controlled so much territory. Not only fought Muslims but also opposed Lutherans.
Absolute Monarch
kings or queens who held all the power within their states' boundaries.
Spanish Armada
a fleet that attempted to punish protestant England and its queen.
Absolutism
political belief that one ruler should hold all the power within the boundaries of a country.
Divine Right
the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God's representative on earth.
Name the factors that lead to the weakening of the Spanish Empire.
Economic problems for Spain:
-inflation
-taxes
-making enemies rich
-Spainards bought much or what they needed from other countries: France, England, And the Netherlands.
Explain the cause/s and outcomes of the Dutch Revolt
Philip raised taxes in the Netherlands and took steps to crush Protestantism. Angry protestant mobs swept through Catholic churches.
Finally after 11 years of fighting, the seven northern provinces of the Netherlands, which were largely Protestant, united and declared their independence from Spain. The 10 southern provinces were Catholic and remained under Spanish control.
Explain how the Dutch were able to become a dominant force in the East Asian trade market.
The stability of the Dutch government allowed the Dutch people to concentrate on economic growth. The Dutch and the largest fleet of ships in the world. This allowed them to set up the Dutch East India Company (a trading company controlled by the Dutch government) to dominate the Asian spice trade and the Indian Ocean trade
Why were the absolute monarchs able to come to power in Europe after the middle ages?
The decline of feudalism, the rise of cities, and the growth of national kingdoms all helped to centralize authority.
List and explain the causes and effects of absolutism in Europe.
Causes:
1) Religious and territorial conflicts created fear and uncertainty.
2) The growth of armies to deal with conflicts caused rulers to raise taxes to pay troops.
3) Heavy taxes led to additional unrest and peasant revolts.
Effects:
1) Rulers regulated religious worship and social gatherings to control the spread of ideas.
2) Rulers increased the size of their courts to appear more powerful.
3) Rulers created bureaucracies to control their countries' economies.
what was the main goal of an absolute monarch?
to control every aspect of society
St Bartholomew's Day Massacre
6 week slaughter of Huguenots in Paris
Edict of Nantes
declaration in which Henry IV promised that Protestants could live in peace in france and could set up their own houses of worship in some cities
Jean-Baptist Colbert
assisted Louis XIV and was his minister of finances. Believed in mercantilism. Tried to make France self-sufficient to help prevent wealth from leaving France.
skepticism
idea that nothing can ever be known for certain
Henry of Navarre/ Henry IV
Inherited the throne when Catherine died. First king of the bourbon dynasty. Chose to convert to Catholicism.
Cardinal Richelieu
Louis XIII's minister to help him rule France. Leader of Catholic church in France. Increased the power of the Bourbon dynasty. Also wanted to defeat the Hapsburg's.
Cardinal Mazarin
Becomes minister to Louis XIV and people do not like him b/c he increased taxes and strengthen central government.
intendants
government agents who collected taxes and administered justice.
Louis XIV
destroys France's economy. Slowed economy down by canceling the Edict of Nantes after Colbert's death.
What were the main purposes of the Palace of Versailles?
to prove that Louis XIV had absolute power of France.
Why is Louis XIV considered to be the perfect example of an absolute monarch?
...
what does "L ' état, c'est moi" mean?
I am the state
Maria Theresa
Charles VI's oldest daughter to heir all his Hapsburg territories. This agreement guaranteed a peaceful reign. Instead faced many years of war. Main enemy was Prussia.
Thirty Years War
a conflict over religion and territory and for power among European ruling families.
Frederick the Great
followed father's military policies when he came to power. However, softened some of his fathers' laws. Encouraged religious toleration and legal reform. Believed a ruler should be like a father to his people.
Gustavus Adolphus
Protestant of Sweden
War of the Austrian Succession
Frederick wanted the lands of Silesia. Didn't think Maria Theresa would be forceful enough to defend her lands since she was a girl. Frederick sent his army to occupy Silesia which started the _____________.
Seven Years War
Lasted seven years and was faught in Europe, India, and North America.
List the consequences/ outcomes of the Peace of Westphalia.
- weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain and Austria.
- Strengthened France by awarding Germany territory.
- made Germany princes independent of the Holy Roman Emperor.
- ended religious wars in Europe
- introduced a new method of peace negotiation whereby all participants meet to settle the problems of a war and decide the terms of peace
What was the most important result of the Thirty Years War?
abandoned the idea of a Catholic empire would rule most of Europe. It recognized Europe as a group of equal, independent states.
Why were central European countries slower to develop compared to the western European states?
the economy of central Europe developed differently from that of western Europe.
Streltsy
secret police who murdered traitors
Peter the Great
One of Russia's greatest reformers. Continued the trend on increasing the czars powers
Boyar
Russia's landowning nobles
Ivan the Terrible
Grandson of Ivan the Great. His life was disrupted by struggles for power boyars
Westernization
using western Europe as a model for change
St. Petersburg
Peter fought Sweden for a piece of the Baltic Sea. Finally won the "window on Europe" that Peter had so desperately wanted. Built a new city known as _______
Explain the good and bad times of Ivan the Terrible.
Good: Ivan added lands to Russia, established a code of laws, and ruled justly.
Bad: Anastasia died and Ivan believed the boyars poisoned her. Ivan forms the streltsy. Even gouged out the eyes of architects who built St. Petersburg so that a cathedral of such beauty could never again be created. Killed his oldest son in a fit of rage leaving his second son left to rule. Russia enters a troubled time with out a ruler
How did Peter the Great westernize Russia?
introduced potatoes, started Russia's first newspaper, raised status of women, changed fashions of Russia, advanced education by starting a navigation school and arts and science.
Why did Peter the Great visit the west?
learn about European customs and manufacturing techniques.
How did the Romanov family come to power in Europe?
representatives from many Russian cities met to choose the next czar. Their choice was Michael Romanov.
Elizabeth I
Henry VII daughter- Tudor Family. Ruled England for 45 years. Established the Anglican Church and promoted religious tolerance in England but faught w/ Parliament over money and left a huge debt for England.
Charles I
James I's son. Always asking for money and always dissolving Parliament when they don't comply.
Cavaliers
Supported Charles I during the English Civil War
English Civil War
Cavaliers vs Roundheads. New model Army helps Roundheads win the war and they take Charles prisoner.
Restoration
Charles II restores the monarchy- his rule is called the ___________.
James II
Charles II's brother. took over after Charles II's death. Catholic. Appoints several catholics to high office, Parliament protests, so he dissolves it. Protestants overthrow him.
Constitutional Monarchy
limits rulers power
Cabinet
a group of government ministers or officials; link between.
James I
takes over after Elizabeth's death. King of Scotland. Beginning of the Stuart family dynasty. Struggles w/ Parliament over money. Offered Puritan members of Parliament. Refuses to make Puritan reforms.
Petition of Right
Parliament refused to grant Charles any money until he signed ________.
Roundheads
Puritan supporters of Parliament. Oliver Cromwell leads them.
Charles II
Charles I son. restores the monarchy- his rule is called the restoration. Passed habeas corpes
Habeas Corpus
gave prisoner the right to go before a judge and no charges.
Glorious Revolution
When William led his army to London in 1688, James fled to France. This is the bloodless overthrow of King James II
English Bill of Rights
-No suspending of Parliaments laws
-No levying taxes w/out special grant from Parliament
-No interferring w/ freedom of speech
-no penalty for a citizen who petitions Parliament w/ grievances about the king.
Why was the divine right theory finished after William and Mary took the throne?
They vowed to recognize Parliament as their partner in governing.
Describe the events of the Glorious Revolution.
Wants to overthrow James II. James flees to France when William arrives with his army. This is the bloodless overthrow of king James.
Be able to list the major events that occurred in England in chronological order.
Elizabeth I
James I
Charles I
Petition of Right
English Civil War
Oliver Cromwell
Charles II and the Restoration
James II
Glorious Revolution
William and Mary
English Bill of Rights
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