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Chapters 4-5 Sociology

Terms in this set (38)

civil inattention
the process wherby individulas in the same physical setting demonstrate to one another thay they are aware of each other's presence.
compulsion proximity
peope's need to interact with others in their presence.
conversation analysis
the empirical study of conversations, employing techniwues drawn from ethnomethodology. Conversation analysis examines details of naturally ocurring conversations to reveal the organizational principles of talk and its role in the productionand reproduction of social order.
encounter
a meeting between two or more people in a situation face-to-face interaction. our daily lives can be seen as a series of different encounters strung out across the course of the day. in modern societies, many of these encounters are with strangers rather than people we know.
ethnomethodology
The study of how people make sense of what others say and do in the course of day-to-day social interaction. Ethnomethodology is concerned with the "ethnomethods" by which people sustain meaningful interchanges with one another.
focused interaction
Interaction between individuals engaged in a common activity or in direct conversation with one another.
impression management
Preparing for the presentation of one's social role
interactional vandalism
The deliberate subversion of the tacit rules of conversation.
nonverbal communication
Communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech
social interaction
the process by which people act and react in relation to others
social position
the social identity an individual has in a given group or society. Social positions may be general in nature (those associated with gender roles) or may be more specific (occupational positions).
social role
a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status
status
social honor or prestige that a particular group is accorded by other members of a society. status groups normally display distinct lifestyles- patterns of behavior that the members of a group follow.
unfocused interaction
Interaction occurring among people present in a particular setting but not engaged in direct face-to-face communication.
bureaucracy
type of organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority and the existence of written rules of procedure and staffed by full-time, salaried officials.
corporate culture
an organizational culture involving rituals, events, or traditions that are unique to a specific company
dyad
group consisting of two persons
formal relations
relations that exist in groups and organizations, laid down by the norms, or rules, of the official system of authority
groupthink
a process by which the members of a group ignore ways of thinking and plans that go against the group consensus.
human resource management
A style of management that regards a company's work force as vital to its economic competitiveness.
information technology
forms of technology based on the information processing and requiring microelectronic circuitry
in-group
The group with which an individual identifies as a member
transformational leader
a leader who is able to instill in the members of a group a sense of mission or higher purpose, thereby changing the nature of the group itself
transactional leader
a leader who is concerned with accomplishing the group's tasks, getting group members to do their jobs, and making certain that the group achieves its goals
mcdonaldization
Term used by sociologist George Ritzer in his book The McDonaldization of Society (1995). He describes it as the process by which a society takes on the characteristics of a fast-food restaurant (efficiency, calculability, predictability, & control); extension of world trade to the Soviet Union.
networks
a set of informal and formal social ties that links people to each other.
informal networks
relations that exist in groups and organizations developed on the basis of personal connections; ways of doing things that depart from formally recognized modes of procedure
milgrim study
had subjects administer increasing voltage. Everytime the person got an answer wrong, the person was told to turn up the volt and continued to do so even after hearing the person receiving the shock cry and complain. The person's obedience was due to "normative pressure".
organization
a large group of individuals with a definite set of authority relations. most types of organizations exist in industrialized societies, influencing most aspects of our lives.
formal organization
Means by which a group is rationally designed to achieve its objectives, often using explicit rules, regulations, and procedures
out-group
those outside the group with which an individual identifies
primary group
A group that is characterized by intense emotional ties, face-to-face interaction, intimacy, and a strong, enduring sense of commitment
reference group
a group that provides a standard for judging ones attitudes or behaviors.
secondary group
a group characterized by it's large size and by impersonal, fleeting relationships.
social aggregate
a collection of people who happen to be together in a particular place but who do not significantly interact or identify with one another.
social capital
the social knowledge and connections that enable people to accomplish their goals and extend their influence
social group
a collection of peopl who regualarly interact with one another on the basis of shared expectations concerning behavior and who shares a sense of common identity.
triad
group consisting of three persons
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