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Chapter 8- Cellular Energy

Terms in this set (57)

Energy
The ability to do work; cannot be created nor destroyed
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
Photosynthesis
Two-phase anabolic pathway in which the sun's light energy is converted to chemial energy
Cellular respiration
Catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Energy-carrying biological molecule, which, when broken down, drives cellular activities
Thylakoid
one of the stacked, flattened, pigment-containing membranes in which light-dependent reactions occur
Granum
One of the stacks of pigment-containing thylakoid in a plant's chloroplasts
Stroma
Fluid-filled space outside the grana in which light-dependent reactions take place
Pigment
Light-absorbing colored molecule, such as chlorophyll and cartenoid, in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
Calvin Cycle
Uses the products of te light reactions to make glucose. Light-independent reactions during phase 2 of photosynthesis.
Anaerobic Process
Metabolic process that does NOT require oxygen
Aerobic Process
A metabolic process that DOES require oxygen
Glycolysis
Anaerobic proccess; first stage of cellular respiration in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate
Krebs Cycle
Series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide inside the mitochondria of cells; also called tricarboxylic acid cycle and the citric acid cycle
Fermentation
Process in which NAD+ is regenerated, allowing cells to maintain glycolysis in the absence of oxygen
What are the 3 inputs of photosynthesis?
Solar energy(light), carbon dioxide, water
What is the overview equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2
What absorbs light energy and converts it to chemical energy?
Chlorophyll
Why do plants look green?
The chlorophyll REFLECTS green light
The flow of enegy in photosynthesis starts with light energy, which is converted to chemical energy in the form of?
ATP and NADPH
What do ATP and NADPH make?
Glucose
What are some other names for the Calvin cycle?
Dark reactions or light independent reaction
What is the steps of the light reactions?
1) Photosystem 2
2) ATP- producing electron transport chain
3) Photosystem 1
4) NADPH- producing electron transport chain
Where are chloroplasts most concentrated?
Mesophyll
What do plants do with the glucose they produce?
Cellular respiration, make organic molecules, and stores excess
How do plants capture light energy?
Chlorophyll
What are the 3 parts of the ATP molecule?
Adenine, ribose, phosphate group
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
Light reactions
Calvin cycle
In light reactions, where does energy flow to?
ATP and NADPH
Photosystem
Cluster of chlorophylland other molecules built into the thylakoid membrane which can capture light energy
Where do excited electrons fall from?
Photosystem 2 to photosystem 1 in an electron transport chain
ATP Synthase
A molecule built into the membrane that produces ATP from ADP as H+ ions pass through
What are the inputs of the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH from the light reactions and carbon dioxide from the air
Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
Stroma
Where does the light- dependent reactions occur?
Thylakoid membrane
What is the output of the Calvin Cycle?
G3P, which will be used to make glucose
Why is the Calvin cycle called a cycle?
The starting molecule, RuBP, is regenerated to be used again
What process do animals use to turn glucose into energy for the cell?
Cellular respiration
Where does cellular respiration take place?
Mitochondria
Autotrophs
Produce their own food; producers
Heterotrophs
Must consume food; consumers
Stomata
Openings or pores on the underside of the leaf where carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits
What does photosynthesis produce?
Glucose
Where do plants store glucose?
Leaves, stems, fruit, or roots
What is the primary site for photosynthesis?
Leaves
Veins
Carries water and sugar to various parts of the plant
Visible light
The small part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye.
What is ATP and NADPH used for?
To make glucose
When is energy released?
When a phosphate group is pulled away during a chemical reaction
NADPH
High energy electron carrier
Light reactions
Harvest light energy to produce ATP and NADPH
What are the products of light reactions?
ATP, Oxygen, NADPH
What are the nicknames of the Calvin Cycle?
Light- independent reactions
What does the Calvin cycle require? What does it not require?
Requires: products of the light reactions
NOT required: light
Why is photosynthesis so important?
Photosynthesis is the ultimate source of all the oxygen we breathe and the food we eat.
What is the overview equation for Cellular Respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Chemiosmosis
the diffusion of ions through a semi-permeable membrane. This diffusion through an ATP Synthase molecule produces ATP from ADP.
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