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Ch. 22 respiratory system

Terms in this set (57)

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.

porous structure of turbinate bones
ciliated mucous lining in the nose
abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa
action of the epiglottis
ciliated mucous lining in the nose
Which of these cells would be most effective in the ingestion and disposal of microorganisms that may enter the alveoli?

type I alveolar cells
lymphocytes in blood circulating through lungs
alveolar macrophages
type II alveolar cells
Alveolar macrophages

Alveolar macrophages wander freely, ingesting and destroying invading microorganisms or foreign matter.
Proteins produced by these type II cells have an element of innate immunity. They do not ingest or transport microorganisms.
What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli?


stratified squamous epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelium
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
simple squamous epithelium

Squamous epithelia are thin and easily passed by respiratory gases. The membrane is also kept thin by organizing the squamous cells in a single layer.
In children with infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), the walls of the alveoli cling to each other and make them difficult to inflate. It is common in babies born prematurely. What cells in these infants are NOT fully developed and are NOT doing their job?

type I alveolar cells
type II alveolar cells
alveolar macrophages
endothelial cells of alveolar capillaries
Type II alveolar cells

Type II alveolar cells secrete a detergent-like surfactant that lessens the surface tension on the alveolar walls, preventing them from sticking to each other. Infants with IRDS can be treated until their cells produce adequate surfactant.
The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________.

force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
length of the vocal folds
strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles
thickness of vestibular folds
force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
Under certain conditions, the vocal folds act as a sphincter that prevents air passage.

True
False
True
Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing but eventually equalizes with the atmospheric pressure?
transpulmonary pressure
intrapulmonary pressure
intrapleural pressure
atmospheric pressure
intrapulmonary pressure


Intrapulmonary pressure rises when the thorax volume is reduced (during exhalation) and drops when the thorax volume rises (during inhalation). When there is no change in thorax volume, intrapulmonary pressure equalizes with the atmospheric pressure.
Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse?

[Pressures in and around lung tissue that relate to the action of breathing.]
intrapulmonary pressure
atmospheric pressure
intrapleural pressure
transpulmonary pressure
intrapleural pressure

Intrapleural pressure is created as the lungs attempt to shrink away from the thoracic wall. This negative pressure, as well as the adherence due to moisture, is what keeps the lungs from collapsing.
Calculate the intrapleural pressure if atmospheric pressure is 765 millimeters of mercury, assuming that the subject is at rest (not inhaling or exhaling).


4 millimeters of mercury
0 millimeters of mercury
761 millimeters of mercury
765 millimeters of mercury
761 millimeters of mercury

The intrapleural pressure is always about 4 millimeters of mercury less than the intrapulmonary pressure, and the intrapulmonary pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure if the subject is at rest.
Intrapleural pressure is always about 4 millimeters of mercury less than intrapulmonary pressure, but this does not represent that actual pressure in the pleural cavity.
Quiet inspiration is __________, and quiet expiration is __________.

a passive process; also a passive process
a passive process; an active process
an active process; also an active process
an active process; a passive process
an active process; a passive process

During quiet breathing, inspiration requires muscle actions, while expiration is caused by elastic recoil.
During inspiration, the external intercostal muscles can work to increase the volume changes that drive ventilation.

True
False
True

When the external intercostal muscles are activated, the rib cage is elevated, increasing thoracic volume. This increases ventilation.
In babies born prematurely, pulmonary surfactant may not be present in adequate amounts ______.

in the conducting zone structures of the lungs
due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells
to permit adequate surface tension in the alveoli
because the presence of collapsed alveoli prevents surfactant production
due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells

Type II alveolar cells make surfactant. Without surfactant, the surface tension created by the water vapor within the alveoli would cause them to collapse.
If the compliance of the thoracic wall is decreased, ______.

the intrapleural pressure would not decrease normally during inhalation
the intrapulmonary pressure would remain lower than the atmospheric pressure
the airway resistance would be decreased
None of the listed responses is correct.
the intrapleural pressure would not decrease normally during inhalation

As the size of the thoracic cavity increases, so does its volume. This causes intrapleural pressure to go below atmospheric pressure so that air (gases) can move into the lungs during inspiration. If the thoracic cavity cannot change its size (volume), then air movement will not occur.
Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

greater than the intra-alveolar pressure.
less than the pressure in the atmosphere.
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
equal to the pressure in the atmosphere.
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________.

Boyle's law
Dalton's law
Charles' law
Henry's law
Boyle's law
Which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs?
Which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs?
gas exchange
pulmonary ventilation
internal respiration
external respiration
pulmonary ventilation
Which of the following is NOT a physical factor that influences pulmonary ventilation?

alveolar surface tension
lung compliance
partial pressure of oxygen in the air
airway resistance
partial pressure of oxygen in the air

Partial pressures affect the diffusion and dissolving of gasses into and out of the blood.
For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________.

between 5 and 6 micrometers thick
0.5 to 1 micrometer thick
at least 3 micrometers thick
The thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange.
0.5 to 1 micrometer thick
Which of the following would induce the loss of oxygen from the hemoglobin and the blood?

a decrease in blood temperature
a drop in blood pH
decreases in plasma carbon dioxide
increase in hemoglobin that has oxygen bound to it already
a drop in blood pH

The pH in blood tends to drop when plasma reacts with carbon dioxide, a common condition in tissue. This pH drop causes weakening of the Hb-O2 bond, a phenomenon called the Bohr effect.
Carbon dioxide loss from the blood, as occurs in proximity to alveoli, tends to cause more oxygen to enter the blood.
What is the most common method of carbon dioxide transport?


dissolved in the plasma
chemically bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin
chemically bound to hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin
as bicarbonate ions in the plasma
as bicorbonate ions in the plasma


Carbon dioxide reacts with water inside RBCs to form carbonic acid, which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. About 70% of carbon dioxide travels in the plasma as bicarbonate.
Which of the following best describes the chloride shift as seen in the figure?

Chloride is removed from hemoglobin when carbon dioxide binds to it.
Chloride binds bicarbonate and allows more of it to be carried in the bloodstream.
Chloride is taken out of the blood to counterbalance the inflow of carbon dioxide.
Chloride rushes into RBCs to counterbalance the outflow of bicarbonate.
Chloride rushes into RBCs to counterbalance the outflow of bicarbonate.

The outflow of negative bicarbonate ions from RBCs is balanced by the inflow of chloride ions.
Chloride does not bind to hemoglobin in the chloride shift
Which form of hypoxia reflects poor O2 delivery resulting from too few RBCs or from RBCs that contain abnormal or too little hemoglobin?

ischemic (stagnant) hypoxia
histotoxic hypoxia
anemic hypoxia
hypoxemic hypoxia
anemic hypoxia
Which form of CO2 transport accounts for the least amount of CO2 transported in blood?

as carbon monoxide in plasma
dissolved in plasma
chemically bound to hemoglobin
as bicarbonate ion in plasma
dissolved in plasma

Most CO2 is transported by combining with hemoglobin or dissolved in the plasma as bicarbonate. A very small percentage is dissolved into the plasma.
Bicarbonate makes up about 70% of total CO2 in blood, its greatest fraction.
Hypoxia can be caused by ______.

hyposecretion of erythropoietin
having a fever
slightly elevated level of lactic acid in the blood
All of the listed responses are correct.
hyposecretion of erythropoietin

Hypoxia occurs when a tissue or organ has an insufficient supply of oxygen. Erythropoietin is a hormone that stimulates the maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow
In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.

only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood
greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules
about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in the blood
Possible causes of hypoxia include ________.

too little oxygen in the atmosphere
obstruction of the esophagus
taking several rapid deep breaths
getting very cold
too little oxygen in the atmosphere
How is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood?

chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin
chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells
as carbonic acid in the plasma
as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells
as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells
Which of the following INCORRECTLY describes mechanisms of CO2 transport?

just over 20% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin
as bicarbonate ions in plasma
attached to the heme part of hemoglobin
7-10% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma
attached to the heme part of hemoglobin
Which of the following is an appropriate response to carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning?

slow breathing into a paper bag
hyperventilation to exhale CO from the body
immediate application of bicarbonate ions to facilitate removal of CO from Hb
hyperbaric oxygen chamber to increase PO2 and clear CO from the body
hyperbaric oxygen chamber to increase PO2 and clear CO from the body
The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase.

True
False
false
Cyanosis
inadequate O2 delivery to tissues
Anemic hypoxia
impaired/blocked circulation (anaerobic)
Histotoxic hypoxia
cells unable to use O2 as in metabolic poisons (mushrooms)
Hypoxemic hypoxia
abnormal ventilation; pulmonary disease (COPD)
Carbon Monoxide poisoning
especially from fire; 200x greater affinity for Hb than oxygen

*you never know you're not getting enough oxygen
CO2 is transported in blood in 3 forms
-7 to 10 % dissolved in plasma
-20% bound to globin of hemoglobin
-70% transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in plasma
Systemic capillaries
Chloride shift
HCO3- quickly diffuses from RBCs into plasma

Outrush of HCO3- from RBCs balanced as Cl- moves into RBCs from plasma
In pulmonary capillaries
-HCO3- moves into RBCs (while Cl- move out): binds with H+ to from H2CO3 (forms carbonic acid)
-H2CO3 split by carbonic anhydrase into CO2 and water
-CO2 diffuses into alveoli
Hyperventilation
increased depth and rate of breathing that exceeds body's need to remove C02
Adenocarcinoma
~40% of cases, originates in peripheral lung areas- bronchial glands, alveolar cells; most common type
Squamous cell carcinoma
20-40% of cases, in bronchial epithelium; can spread and metastasize quickly
Small cell carcinoma
~20% of cases; contains lymphocyte-like cells that originate in primary bronchi and subsequently metastasize (known as the silent killer because it grows quickly and does not obstruct the bronchi)
Cystic fibrosis
-most common lethal genetic disease
-abnormal, viscous mucus clogs passageways causes bacterial infections
-life expectancy up to early 20s
Pulmonary ventilation
Respiratory system
(breathing) movement of air into and out of lungs
External respiration
Respiratory system
O2 and CO2 exchange between lungs and blood
Transport
Circulatory system
O2 and CO2 in blood
Internal respiration
Circulatory system
O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
Sound is shaped into language by______
muscles of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate and lips
Why do we breathe?
to get oxygen into cells
What acts as a sphincter to prevent air passage?
Vocal folds
Explain valsava's maneuver
-glottis closes to prevent exhalation
-abdominal muscles contracts
-intra abdominal pressure rises
-helps to empty rectum or stabilize trunk during heavy lifting
Where does gas exchange take place?
Begins as terminal bronchioles -> respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs
There are two types of cells in the alveolar walls. Name them
-single layer of squamous epithelium called TYPE I ALVEOLAR CELLS

-scattered cuboidal called TYPE II ALVEOLAR (they secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins)
Keep alveolar surfaces sterile
alveolar macrophages
Connect adjacent alveoli
*equalizes air pressure throughout lungs
Alveolar pores
Gases flow into lungs
Inspiration
Gases exit lungs
Expiration
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