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History Chapter 10

Terms in this set (49)

Queen Liliuokalani
In 1893, her reign as monarch of Hawaii came to an end. She was overthrown by the US as part of expansionism.
Imperialism
the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories
American Expansionism
America wanted to expand across the globe, and so did other countries.
Three factors fueling the new American Imperialism:
1. Desire for military strength: American leaders wanted to keep their military strength up to par with the other superpowers of the world.
2. Thirst for new markets: Advances in technology enabled American farms and factories to produce far more than American citizens could consume. Imperialists viewed foreign trade as the solution to American overproduction and the related problems of unemployment and economic depression.
3. Belief in cultural superiority: A belief in racial superiority of Anglo-Saxons. Many believed US had a responsibility to spread Christianity and "civilization" to the world's "inferior peoples."
Great White Fleet
the U.S. Navy's fleet of white ships. There were a sign of America's growing military power.
Alfred T. Mahan
Admiral in the US navy, he urged the government to build up the American naval power in order to compete with the other powerful nations. As a result, the US built 9 steel-hulled cruisers between 1883-1890, and transformed the US into the world's third largest naval power. He also urged the US to establish naval bases in the Caribbean, and to acquire Hawaii and other Pacific Islands.
U.S. Acquires Alaska
In 1867, the U.S. bought Alaska. For 2 cents an acre, the U.S. had acquired a land rich in timber, minerals, and oil. It became a state in 1959.
William Seward
Secretary of state under president Lincoln and Johnson. He was a supporter of American expansion. In 1867, he arranged for the U.S. to buy Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million. Some thought the idea was silly and called it "Seward's Folly" or "Seward's Icebox"
The U.S. takes Hawaii
The Hawaiian Islands were economically important to the U.S. American merchants stopped there on their way to China and East India. Yankee missionaries founded Christian churches and schools on the islands. American-owned sugar plantations in Hawaii accounted for 3/4 of the islands' wealth, and they were able to sell their sugar to America duty-free. The McKinley Tariff of 1890 provoked a crisis by eliminating the duty-free status of Hawaiian sugar. American planters in Hawaii called for the U.S. to annex the islands so they wouldn't have to pay the duty. When Queen Liliuokalani came to power in 1891, she wanted to return Hawaii to Hawaiian's control, by removing the property-owning qualifications for voting. This angered white plantation owners. With Ambassador Stephens, they organized a revolution. With the help of the marines, they overthrew the queen and set up a government headed by Sanford. B. Dole. President Cleveland wanted the queen restored to her throne, but Dole refused to do so, so Cleveland formally recognized the Republic of Hawaii. In 1897, William McKinley succeeded Cleveland as president of the U.S. He favored annexation. On August 12, 1898, Congress Proclaimed Hawaii an American territory. In 1959, it became the 50th state of the U.S.
Pearl Harbor
the Hawaiian Kingdom's best port. The US pressured Hawaii to allow the US to build a naval base here in 1887. The base became a refueling station for American ships.
Sanford B. Dole
The new head of the Hawaiian government after the US navy overthrew Queen Liliuokalani.
Cubans Rebel against Spain
In the late 19th century, Spain, once the most powerful colonial nation, had lost most of its colonies. Between 1868 and 1878, Cubans rebelled against the Spanish colonizers. Americans aided the Cuban people. The Cuban revolt against Spain was not successful, but they did force Spain to abolish slavery. American capitalists started investing millions of dollars in large sugar cane plantations on the island.
* Jose Marti
A Cuban poet and journalist in exile in NY. He launched a revolution in 1895. He organized Cuban resistance against Spain in the Second War for Independence. He used an active guerrilla campaign and destroyed American-owned sugar mills and plantations in an attempt to get the Americans to aid Cuba in the fight against Spain. In the US, business people wanted the government to support Spain to support their investments, other Americans were enthusiastic about the rebel cause.
* General Valeriano Weyler
Spanish General send to Cuba to restore order in 1896 following the Cuban revolt. He tried to crush the rebellion by herding the entire rural population into barbed wire concentration camps. He was called "Butcher" Weyler. Stories about his brutality deepened American sympathy for the revels.
* yellow journalism
style of writing that exaggerates the news to lure and enrage readers. EX: Stories about "Butcher Weyler's" brutality. William Randolf Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer were American journalists who helped fan war fever with this type of writing.
Headline wars
Weyler's actions fueled a war over news paper circulation that developed between the american newspaper tycoons William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. Hearst printed exaggerated accounts. This aggravated readers and became known as yellow journalism
The De Lome Letter
When President McKinley took office in 1897, there was high demand for American intervention in Cuba. McKinley tried to avoid war through diplomacy. Spain recalled General Weyler and modified the policy regarding concentration camps. However, in 1988, the New York Journal published a private letter written by Enrique Dupuy de Lome, the Spanish minister to the U.S. The letter criticized President McKinley, calling him weak. Spain apologized, but Americans were angry with Spain.
* U.S.S. Maine
On February 15, 1898 this ship, which was sent to Cuba to bring home American citizens, blew up in the harbor of Havana. More than 260 men were killed. No one knew why the ship exploded, but American papers claimed the Spanish had blown it up. This greatly increased tension between the U.S. and Spain. "Remember the Maine" became the rally cry for U.S. intervention in Cuba.
War with Spain Erupts
Despite Spanish concessions, including a 6 months cease fire, public opinion in the U.S. favored war. April 20, 1898 U.S. declared war on Spain.
The War in the Philippines
The first battle of the Spanish-American war took place in the Philipine Islands, a Spanish colony. Commander George Dewey gave the command to open fire on the Spanish fleet at Manila, the Philippine capital. Dewey's victory allowed U.S. troops to land in the Phillipines. Dewey had the support of Filipino rebels who also wanted to be free of Spain. After two months, Spanish troops in Manilla surrendered to the U.S. Dewey's victory at Manilla demonstrated the superiority of U.S. Naval forces.
* George Dewey
Commodore of the American Fleet. Gave the command to open fire on the Spanish fleet at Manila, the Philippine capital. Dewey's men destroyed every Spanish ship there. His victory allowed U.S. troops to land in the Philippines.
The War in the Caribbean
hostilities began with a naval blockade of Cuba. Admiral William T. Sampson effectively sealed up the Spanish fleet in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba. Unlike the superior Navy forces, the U.S. army had mostly poorly trained soldiers who lacked proper equipment and training. Despite these handicaps, American forces landed in Cuba in June 1898. The most famous land battle took place near Santiago, Cuba on July 1. The first part of the battle on Kettle Hill, included a dramatic uphill charge by the Rough Riders and two African American regiments. The victory there cleared the way for the important second battle on the strategically important San Juan Hill. Roosevelt played only a minor role in this second battle, but he was hailed as the Hero of San Juan Hill. As the Spanish tried to escape the American blockade, the naval battle that followed destroyed the Spanish fleet. Victorious, the American troops then invaded Puerto Rico on July 25.
* Rough Riders
a volunteer calvary under the command of Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt.
* San Juan Hill
A strategically important battle in Cuba. Although he only played a minor role, Roosevelt was declared the hero.
* Treaty of Paris
the US and Spain signed a cease fire agreement on December 10, 1989. The fighting only lasted 15 weeks. The result of the treaty was that Spain freed Cuba and turned over the islands of Guam in the Pacific and Puerto Rico in the West Indies to the U.S. Spain also sold the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million. The annexation of the Philippines touched off a great debate in the U.S. Arguments centered on whether or not the U.S. had the right to annex the Philippines, but imperialism was the real issue. On February 6, 1899 the annexation question was settled with the Senate's approval of the Treaty of Paris. The U.S. now had an empire that included Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.
Ruling Puerto Rico
Many Puerto Ricans wanted independence from the US, others wanted statehood or some measure of local self-government as an American Territory. The US gave no promises regarding independence following the Spanish-American War. US Forces, under General Nelson A. Miles, occupied Puerto Rico to maintain control. Puerto Rico was strategically important to the US so they could maintain a presence in the Caribbean and because they wanted to build the Panama Canal, so the US needed to maintain control of the island.
* Foraker Act
Passed in 1900, it ended military rule in Puerto Rico and set up a civil government. This act gave the president of the US the power to appoint Puerto Rico's governor and members of the upper house of its legislature. Puerto Ricans could only elect members of the lower house. In 1917, Congress granted U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans and gave them the right to elect both houses of their legislature.
Cuba and the US
The U.S. recognized Cuba as independent. It passed the Teller Amendment which stated the U.S. had no intention of taking over any part of Cuba. However, Cuba was occupied by American troops when the war ended. This occupation allowed the same officials who had served Spain to remain in office. This was a problem for Cubans, especially Jose Marti. The U.S. military government did help Cubans with food, clothing, farming, improving sanitation and medical research, and helped eliminate yellow fever, a disease that had killed hundreds of Cubans each year.
* Platt Amendment
An Amendment to Cuba's constitution which addressed the relationship between the U.S. and Cuba. It was proposed in 1901. It stated that:
*Cuba could not make treaties that might limit its independence or permit a foreign power to control any part of its territory.
*the US reserved the right to intervene in Cuba.
*Cuba was not to go into debt.
*the US could buy or lease land on the island for naval stations and refueling stations.
The US made it clear their Army would not withdraw its troops from Cuba until this amendment was adopted. There were protests, but Cubans reluctantly ratified (approved) the new constitution in 1903. The amendment remained in effect for 31 years. Under this amendment, Cuba became a U.S. protectorate. The U.S. wanted to maintain a strong political presence in Cuba to protect American businesses that had invested in the island. Some Americans protested (Andrew Carnegie), but despite this the U.S. state department contented to push for control of its Latin American neighbors.
*protectorate
a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power. Cuba became a protectorate of the U.S. when the Platt Amendment was ratified in 1903.
* Emilio Aguinaldo
Filipino who believed that the US had promised independence when the Treaty of Paris was signed. He and many Filipinos reacted with outrage when they learned the Treaty of Paris called for American annexation of the Philippines. In 1899 he led a revolt against the U.S.
Philippine-American War
A revolt started in February 1899 led by Emilio Aguinaldo. When Aguinaldo turned to guerrilla tactics, the U.S. forced Filipinos to live in designated zones, where poor sanitation, starvation and disease killed thousands. The U.S. was now using the same tactics they condemned Spain for using in Cuba. White American soldiers treated the Filipinos as inferiors. This led to some African American soldiers deserting to the Filipino side. It took the US three years to put down the Rebellion. It cost $400 million, 20 times the price the U.S. had paid to purchase the islands. After the war, the U.S. set up a government where it approved a governor and appointed the upper house of the legislature. Under America rule, the Philippines moved gradually toward independence and finally became an independent republic on July 4, 1946.
* John Hay
US Secretary of State. In 1899, he issued a series of policy statements called the Open Door notes to protect American interests in China.
* Open Door Notes
policy statements written by Secretary of State John Hay that were letters addressed to the leaders of imperialist nations who had settlements in China. These letters proposed that the nations share their trading rights with the US, thus creating an open door in China. This meant that no single nation would have a monopoly on trade with any part of China. The other imperialist powers reluctantly agreed.
* Boxer rebellion
The Chinese resented European and American presence in their country. The formed secret societies to rid China of the "foreign devils" The Boxers were the most famous of these groups. They killed hundreds of missionaries and other foreigners. In August 1900, troops from Britain, France, Germany, Japan and the U.S. marched on the Chinese capital, Beijing. It took two months for these forces to put down the rebellion. thousands of Chinese died during the fighting.
Boxer Protocol
Final settlement of the Boxer rebellion signed on September 7, 1901. The Qing government agreed to execute some Chinese officials and to pay damages. The U.S. received payment but returned most of it to China to be used for the purpose of educating Chinese students in their own country and in the U.S.
Open Door Policy
After the Boxer Rebellion, the U.S. feared European nations would try to take greater control of China. John Hay issued a second series of Open Door notes announcing that the U.S. would "safeguard for the world the principle of equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire." This policy paved the way for greater American influence in Asia. And also reflected the bedrock of American foreign policy:
American Foreign Policy
3 deeply held American beliefs reflected in the Open Door Notes:
1. Americans believed that the growth of the U.S. economy depended on exports.
2. They felt the U.S. had a right to intervene abroad to keep foreign markets open.
3. They feared that the closing of an area to American products threatened U.S. survival.
Impact of U.S. territorial gains
in 1900, Republican William McKinley, an imperialist, won a second term as president. His election confirmed that a majority of Americans favored imperialist policies. An anti-imperialist league had formed even before McKinley's re-election. This league felt it was wrong for the U.S. to rule other people without their consent. Mark Twain questioned the motives for imperialism. Despite dissent, in the early 20th century the U.S. under President Theodore Roosevelt and President Woodrow Wilson would continue to exert its power around the globe.
Theodore Roosevelt
Became president in 1901 following the assassination of William McKinley. In 1905, building on the Open Door notes to increase American influence in East Asia, he mediated a settlement in a war between Russia and Japan. Russia and Japan were competing for control of Korea. Japan took the first action in the war and destroyed Russian's Pacific fleet. They also won a series of land battles, but ran out of men and money. Japan secretly asked Roosevelt to mediate peace negotiations. Roosevelt persuaded the Japanese to accept half of Sakhalin Island and taking over Russian interests in Manchuria and Korea as part of the treaty. The successful efforts in negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth between Japan and Russia earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906.
* Panama Canal
Americans believed they needed a canal across Central America to reduce travel time for commercial and military ships by providing a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. In the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901, Britain gave the U.S. exclusive rights to build and control a canal through Central America. In 1903, the U.S. decided to use the Panama route and agreed to buy the French company's route (which failed in the late 1800's) for $40 million. The U.S. had to get permission to build the canal from Colombia, who ruled Panama. Initially, talks broke down. Bunau-Varilla, a French agent for the canal, helped organize a Panamanian rebellion against Colombia. On November 3, 1903 Panama declared its independence. 15 days later, Panama and the U.S. signed a treaty in which the U.S. agreed to pay $10 million plus an annual rent of $250,000 for an area of land across Panama. The canal reflected America's new role as a world power. Construction of the canal is one of the world's greatest engineering feats. 5,600 workers on the canal died from accidents or disease. They had to deal with soft volcanic soil which was difficult to remove, and had to deal with yellow fever and malaria. The canal cost $380 million and opened on August 15, 1914.
Constructing the Canal
Started in 1904 and ended in 1914, more the 5,600 workers died from accidents or disease.
The Monroe Doctrine
Issued in 1823 by President James Monroe, it warned other nations against expanding their influence in Latin America. This document was expanded on with Roosevelt's Corollary, and again by Woodrow Wilson's "missionary diplomacy."
* Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt was determined to make the U.S. the predominant power in the Caribbean and Central America. He added this corollary to the Monroe Doctrine which had demanded that European countries stay out of the affairs of Latin American nations. This corollary said the US would now use force to protect its economic interests in Latin America. "Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far" said Roosevelt.
Dollar Diplomacy
the Taft administration followed the policy of using the U.S. government to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American businesspeople. This policy was used to justify keeping European powers out of the Caribbean.
Woodrow Wilson
Gave the Monroe Doctrine a moral tone in 1913. According to his "missionary diplomacy", the U.S. had a moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S. interests.
The Mexican Revolution
Mexico had been ruled by a military dictator, Porfirio Diaz who was a friend of the U.S. In 1911, Mexican peasants and workers led by Francisco Madero overthrew Diaz. After 2 years, Madero was unable to satisfy the conflicting demands of landowners, peasants, workers and the urban middleclass. General Victoriano Huerta took over the Mexican government and murdered Madero. President Wilson, sticking to the "missionary diplomacy" refused to recognize the government that Huerta formed, calling it a "government of butchers." Wilson waited for an opportunity to intervene in Mexico. After a small group of American sailors was arrested, Wilson ordered U.S. Marines to occupy Veracruz, an important Mexican port. 18 Americans and 200 + Mexicans died during the invasion. The incident brought the U.S. and Mexico close to war. The Huerta regime soon collapsed and Venustiano Carranza, a nationalist leader, became president in 1915. Wilson withdrew U.S. troops and formally recognized the Carranza government. U.S. intervention in Mexican affairs provided a clear model of American imperialist attitudes in the early 20th century. Americans believed in the superiority of free-enterprise democracy and they attempted to extend the reach of this economic and political system, even through armed intervention.
* Francisco "Pancho" Villa
Mexican rebel who opposed Carranza's provisional government. He was a fierce nationalist. When Wilson recognized Carranza's government, Villa threatened reprisals against the U.S. In 1916, Villa's men removed American engineers from a train and shot them. His followers also raided Columbus, New Mexico and killed 17 Americans. President Wilson sent Brigadier General John J. Pershing and 15,000 soldiers into Mexico to capture Villa dead or alive. After a year, Wilson called out 150,000 National Guardsmen and stationed them along the Mexican border. Carranza's government and Mexicans grew angry over the U.S. occupation of their land. In June, 1916, U.S. troops clashed with Carranza's army, resulting in deaths of both sides. Carranza demanded the withdrawal of U.S. troops, but Wilson refused. War seemed imminent, but both sides backed down. In February 1917, Wilson ordered Pershing to return home.
* Emiliano Zapata
Mexican Rebel who opposed Carranza's provisional government. He was the son of a mestizo peasant and was dedicated to land reform.
* John J. Pershing
Brigadier General sent by Wilson to capture Villa dead or alive. He did not find Villa, despite numerous troops and national guardsmen assisting. February 1917, after U.S. and Mexico almost went to war over the presence of U.S. troops in Mexico, Wilson ordered him to return home.
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