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PSY chapter 8

Terms in this set (62)

problem solving
active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable
irrelevant information
information that leads people astray
ie-- a lot of the time number are not nesscessary
functional fixedness
tendency to perceive an item only is terms of common use
mental set
when people persist on using problem solving strategies that have worked in the past
Unnecessary constraints
when solving problems, cannot assume that constraints do not exist
insight
when people suddenly discover the correct solution to a problem after struggling with if for a while
trial and error
trying possible solutions and discarding those that are in error until one works
Heuristics
guiding principle or "rule of thumb" used in solving problems or making decision
subgoal
intermediate steps toward a solution
hill climbing
selecting alternatives at each choice point that appears to lead most directly to one's goal
Searching for analogies
similarities between two problems
Decision making
involves evaluating alternatives and making choices among them
Herbert Simon
theory of bounded rationality
theory of bounded rationality
people tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus one only few facets (sides) of available options that often result in bad decisions that are less optimal
additive strategy
attributes that influence his decision
Algorithms
a time consuming step by step procedure that guarantees a solution
elimination by aspects
elimination alternatives by evaluating each choice on their attributes
risky decision making
making choices under conditions of uncertainty
excepted value
the chance of losing verse winning a game
NOTES
subjective utility
buying a lottery ticket makes a person think about becoming rich is an example of_____.
availably heuristic
basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with relevant instances come to mind.
representativeness heuristic
involves basing estimated probabilities of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event
flipping a coin HHHHHHH or THTHTTHT
prototype
best example of a category
conjunction fallacy
when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain things happening together is greater than one
gambler fallacy
the belief that the odds of an event increase when the event hasn't happened in a long time
loss aversion
losses seem likely to have more impact than gains of the equal amount of size
fast and frugal heuristics
people make fast decisions under demanding circumstances with little information
recognition heuristics
when there is two options, and one is recognized and the other is not, the recognized alternative has a high value
dual processing theory
people depend on two different modes of thinking when making a decision.
Binet Simone Scale
mental age
mental age
indicated that he or she displayed the mental ability of a child of the chronological age.
Simon-Binet
made the first IQ test
Stanford-Binet
revised the first IQ test
IQ test (intelligence quotient)
a child's mental age divided by chronological age
David Weschsler
First person to test adults with an IQ test
normal distribution
symmetrical curve that represents patterns in which many characteristics are distributed within the population
deviation IQ scores
location of respondents who are within the normal distribution
percentile score
percentage of people who score at or below the score one has obtained
reliability
the measurement consistency of a test
correlation coefficient
numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables
validity
ability to of a test to measure what it was designed to measure
3 types of intelligent behaviors
verbal, practical, social
twin studies
identical twins share more genetic kinship then fraternal twins
heritability ratio
an estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variation in genetic inheritance
environmental depravation
If environment effects intelligence, as the child gets older they should decrease in intelligence
James Flynn
the man who thought that IQ scores have increased over time
reaction rate
genetically determined limits on IQ
Arthur Jensen
man who said that intelligence is largely genetic in origin and therefore genetic factors are strongly implicated.
Robert Sternburg
Triarchic theory of intelligence
Spearman
focused on one aspect (psychometric approach)
one dominate ability
Cattell
focused on two aspects.
Fluid intelligence and Crystallized intelligence
fluid intelligence
intelligence that involves how to be adaptive
goes about at about 22-23 years old
crystallized intelligence
specific acquired abilities
--throughout whole life
Gardener
men who thought that there was 8 large independent intelligences
convergent thinking
narrow down a list of alternatives to converge into a single correct answer
divergent
expand the range of alternatives by generating many possible solutions
unsual uses test
generate as many possible uses as you can for a common object
remote associate test
identifying the 4th word in a list of 3
compensatory models
allow attractive attributes to compensate for unattractive ones
no good thing can replace a bad thing
noncompensatory models
does not allow compensation
something that makes that person a complete no
Garderner's 8 intelligence's
MMIINBLNS
3 triarchic of intelligence
ECC
contextual
componential
experimental
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