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Chapter 11

Terms in this set (51)

Culture
Helps humans organize their social lives to meet challenges of material realities of their day-to-day existence. It tells us which resources to use and how to use them.
Livelihood
Doing what is necessary to obtain the material things - foods, clothing, shelter, that sustain human life.
Self-interest model
Model of human nature originated during the enlightenment and is based on the assumption that individuals are first and foremost interested in their own well-being, assumes that individual selfishness is natural.
Social model
Assumes people identify with groups to which they belong, leading to a focus on institutions.
Moral model
Sees peoples actions motivated by culturally specific belief systems and values.
Production
Transforming raw materials into products
Distribution
Getting products to people
Consumption
Using up the products
Neoclassical economics
A formal attempt to explain the workings of capitalist enterprise, with particular attention to distribution.
Reciprocity
Exchange of goods and services of equal value.
Generalized reciprocity
Neither time nor value of return gift is specified.
Balanced reciprocity
Return gift of equal value expected within a specific time.
Negative reciprocity
Goal of exchange is to get something for nothing.
Redistribution Market exchange
A mode of exchange that requires some form of centralized social organization.
Market exchange
(trade) calculated in terms of multipurpose medium exchange and standard value (money) and carried out by means of supply-demand-price-mechanism (the market).
Trade
exchange of goods
Money
A multipurpose medium of exchange that assigns value to goods.
Mode of production
Represents the ways different human groups carry out production
Means of production
The tools, skills, organization, and knowledge used to extract energy from nature.
Relations of production
Social relations that link the people who use a given means of production within a particular m ode of production
Classes
Ranked groups within a hierarchically stratified society who's membership is defined by wealth, occupation, and other economic criteria.
Consumption
The using up of material goods necessary for human survival.
Internal explanation
Malinowski emphasized human dependence on the physical world for survival. (People have to get what they need from their environment, domesticating things that they want)
External explanation
Cultural ecologists look at resource specific to habitats. (What that environment where people are living has for people to survive)
Cultural explanation
Human constructs their own niches and own patters of consumption. (Combination of internal and external explanation)
Kin-ordered mode
social labor deployed on the basis of kinship (family business)
Tributary mode
payment of goods or labor extracted by political or military means (taxes)
Capitalist mode
workers sell their labor to capitalist class (getting paid to work)
Social organization
The patterning of human interdependence in a given society through the actions and decisions of its members.
Economic anthropology
The part of the discipline of anthropology that debates issues of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living.
Institutions
Complex, variable, and enduring forms of cultural practices that organize social life.
Neoclassical economics
A formal attempt to explain the workings of capitalist enterprise, with particular attention to distribution.
Gift exchange
Noncapitalist forms of economic exchange that are deeply embedded in social relations and always require a return gift.
Commodity exchanges
Impersonal economic exchanges typical of the capitalist market in which goods are exchanged for cash and exchange partners need have nothing further to do with one another.
mode of exchange
Patterns according to which distribution takes place: reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange.
Reciprocity
The exchange of goods and services of equal value.
Redistribution
A mode of exchange that requires some form of centralized social organization to receive economic contributions from all members of the group and to redistribute them in such a way as to provide for every group member.
Labor
The activity linking human social groups to the material world around them; from the point of view of Karl Marx, labor is therefore always social labor.
Mode of production
A specific, historically occurring set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge.
Affluence
The condition of having more than enough of whatever is required to satisfy consumption needs.
A __________ is a historically occurring set of social relations through which labor is organized to extract energy from the environment by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge.
Mode of production
Marshall Sahlins coined the expression "the original affluent society" to describe
the Ju/'hoansi and others like them
In many small-town cafes in Minnesota (and elsewhere, we are sure) there is a dice cup on each table, used by the morning regulars to see who pays for the coffee each day. This works because the regulars assume that "it'll all even out eventually." Another phrase for this is
generalized reciprocity
According to Wilk and Cliggett, which model of human nature is based on the assumption that people's motivations are shaped by culturally specific belief systems and values guided by a culturally patterned view of the universe and the human place within it?
the moral model
The patterning of human interdependence in a given society through the actions and decisions of its members is called
Social organization
A reciprocal situation in which a return of equal value is expected within a specified time limit demonstrates what anthropologists consider
balanced reciprocity
Patterns according to which distribution takes place, such as reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange, are referred to as
modes of exchange
To the question "Why do people X raise peanuts and sorghum?" Malinowski would reply
to meet their basic human need for food
An economic system dominated by the supply-demand-price mechanism called the "market" is
capitalism
According to Daniel Miller, for many observers of global consumption, Coca-Cola is
a symbol of the destructive global potential of capitalist consumption
Trade - Money - A multipurpose medium of exchange that assigns vales to goods
exchange of goods
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