Chemistry Test

(460-370 BC)
-Matter is composed of empty space through which atoms move
-Atoms are solid, homogeneous, indestructible, and indivisible
-Different kinds of atoms have different sizes and shapes
-The different properties of matter are due to the size and shape and movement of atoms
-Apparent changes in matter result from changes in groupings and not from changes in the atoms themselves
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(460-370 BC)
-Matter is composed of empty space through which atoms move
-Atoms are solid, homogeneous, indestructible, and indivisible
-Different kinds of atoms have different sizes and shapes
-The different properties of matter are due to the size and shape and movement of atoms
-Apparent changes in matter result from changes in groupings and not from changes in the atoms themselves
Democritus
(1766-1844)
-English school teacher
-all matter is composed of tiny, invisible particles called atoms
-the atoms of each element are exactly alike
-atoms of different elements have different masses
-atoms of different elements can bond to form compounds
-atoms are indivisible, uniform, solid, and spherical
John Dalton
Two problems with Dalton's theory
isotopes; protons, neutrons, electrons
(1832-1919)
-Discovered the cathode ray tube
-Experimented with the flow of electric current in gases
-Used a tube with two electrodes
-Which voltage was applied, noticed a green glow
Sir William Crookes
The electrons begin to _________ _________ trapped within the cathode ray tube. As a result, the ________ ____________ ____________.
ionize gases; ionized gases glowed
(1856-1940)
-Used the cathode ray tube and a magnet to deflect the beam
-Quantified how much the beam was deflected based on the magnetic strength
-Concluded that atoms must contain negatively charged particles called electrons
-Atoms are generally electrically neutral and therefore must contain positively charged particles
-The number of negatively and positively charged particles are equal
-Electrons and protons are mixed together
-Determined the charge to mass ratio of an electron
-PLUM PUDDING MODEL (positively charged sphere with negatively charged electrons on the atom's surface)
J.J Thomson
(1868-1953)
-Carried out the oil drop experiment
-Could adjust the electrical current and float the oil drop
-Calculated the charge of an electron
-Concluded that the charge of an electron is 1.609x10 to the -19 coulombs
-If you combine ___________ and Thomson's conclusions you can determine the mass of an electron
Robert Millikan
(1871-1937)
-Gold foil experiment
-discovered 99.9% of the mass of an atom is located in the nucleus
-99.9% of an atom is empty space
Ernest Rutherford
(1891-1974)
-discovered that the nucleus also contains neutrons
-a neutron has a mass nearly equal to that of a proton but has a neutral charge
James Chadwick
(1885-1962)
-electron shell model
-electrons move around the nucleus in different orbits or shells depending on their energy
Niels Bohr
(1887-1961) -electron cloud model -developed the probable locations of electronsErwin SchrodingerWhat is the present day model of the atom?Electron cloud modela What does "a" represent? X zmass numbera What does "X" represent? X zElement symbola What does "z" represent? X zatomic numberWhat is the atomic number also known as?The number of protons in an atomWhat is the mass number also known as?The number of protons and neutrons in an atomAtoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons as the original element are called what?isotopesHow would you write the isotope Carbon twelve in hyphenated form?C--12What is the unit for calculating atomic mass?amuWhat element is amu based on?Carbon 12-"A sample of cesium is 75% 133 Cs, 20% 132 Cs, and 5% 134 Cs" is the set up for what kind of problem? -you could change the ___________ into decimal form and __________ with the mass number, __________ all of these totals together.Average atomic mass; percent, multiply, adda distinct kind of atom or nucleus characterized by a specific number of protons and neutrons.nuclideWhere do nuclear reactions occur?in the nucleusWhere do chemical reactions occur?in the electronswhich type of reaction (nuclear or chemical) gives off more energy per gram of material?nucleara change in the identity of a nucleus that results when it is bombarded with an energetic particle, as in fission, fusion, or radioactive decaynuclear reactionradiation with enough energy so that during an interaction with an atom, it can remove tightly bound electrons from the orbit of an atom, causing the atom to become charged or ionized.ionizing reactionMicrowaves, infrared waves, radio waves, Visible light, radar, laser light, and ultraviolet light are all examples of what kind of radiation?non-ionizingmedical x-rays, generating nuclear power, testing nuclear weapons, and producing smoke detectors are examples of what kind of radiation?ionizingWhat are the types of radioactive decay?alpha, beta, and gammaWhich form of radioactive decay has the least amount of penetration power?alpha (penetration)Which form of radioactive decay has the most amount of penetration power?gamma (penetration)Which form of radioactive decay has the most mass?alpha (mass)Which form of radioactive decay has the least mass?gamma (mass)What is the splitting of a heavy nucleus into more stable fragments called?fisson2 or more nuclei bonding together to form a more stable heavier nucleus is called what?fusionWhat is an example of nuclear fusion?the sunWhat is Avogadro's number?6.02 x 10 to the 23What are the three main properties of waves?wavelength, frequency, and amplitudec = λv the c means what?speed of lightc = λv the λ means what?wavelength (in meters)c = λv the v means what?frequency (in Hz or 1/s)E=hv the E means what?energy (in Joules)E=hv the h means what?Planck's constantE=hv the v means what?frequency (in Hz or 1/s)FM radio frequencies are in _________. 1_____ =_____ _____?MHz; 1MHz = 10 to the sixth HzBohr's model only works for Hydrogen because it is the only atom with_______?1 electronThe fact that an orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons which must have opposite spins is known as the...?Pauli Exclusion PrincipleEach electron occupies the lowest energy orbital available is known as the...?Aufbau DiagramName the groups of the periodic table in orderalkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, halogens, noble gases, (lower levels) lanthanides, actinidesThe groups transition from _________ to ___________ from left to rightvery reactive, nonreactiveTransition metals aregood conductors of electricity and heatactinides areall radioactivehalogens are the most ____________ nonmetals, and they react with metals to form _________reactive, saltsPeriodic trend of atomic radiusdecreases going right, increases going downPeriodic trend of ionization energyincreases going right, decreases going downPeriodic trend of ion sizedecreases going right, increases going downPeriodic trend of electronegativityincreases going right, decreases going downCations have a __________ chargepositiveAnions have a ____________ chargenegative