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Anatomy Chapter 5 Test

Terms in this set (70)

Bones, ligaments, cartilage, joints
What are the four parts of the skeletal system?
Appendicular and axial
What are the two subdivisions of the skeletal system?
Support of the body, protect soft organs, movement due to attached skeletal muscle, storage of minerals and fats, blood cell formation
What are the five main functions of the skeletal system?
206
The adult body skeleton has --- bones
Compact Bone: homogeneous; Spongy Bone: small-needle like pieces of bones and many open spaces
What are the two basic types of bones and a description of each?
Long bone; femur or humerus
Typically not very wide, have a shaft with heads at both ends, mostly compact bone (ex:---)
Short bone; carpals or tarsals
Generally cube-shaped, mostly spongy bone (ex:---)
Flat bone; skull, ribs, sternum
Thin and flattened, usually curved, thin layer of compact bone around layer of spongy bone (ex:---)
Irregular bone; vertebrae and hip
Oddly shaped, does not fit into any other bone categories (ex:---)
Diaphysis
Shaft composed of compact bone
Epiphysis
Ends of the bone, composed mostly of spongy bone, named distal --- and proximal ---
Periosteum
Outside covering of the diaphysis, fibrous connective tissue membrane
Arteries
Supply bone cells with nutrients
Articular cartilage
Covers the extrnal surfaces of the epiphysis; made of hyaline cartilage; decreases friction at joint surfaces
Medullary cavity
Cavity of the shaft; contains yellow marrow in adults and red in infants
Projections or proccesses
Grow out from the bone surface
Depressions or cavity
Indentations
Osteon
A unit of bone
Hyaline; bone
In embryos the skeleton is primarily --- cartilage; during development much of this csrtilage is replaced by ---
Epiphyseal
--- plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood
Cartilage becomes OSSIFIED
Cartilage is broken down; bone replaces it
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells
Osteoclasts
Bone-destroying cells; break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium
Bone remodeling
A process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Cartilage
--- on end allow for bone growth
Fracture
A break in the bone
Closed/ compound vs open/ simple fx
Bone does not penetrate the skin vs it does
Reduction and immobilization
How are fxs treated?
Comminuted fx
Bone breaks into many fragments
Compression fx
Bone is crushed
Depression fx
Broken bone ortion is pressed inward
Impacted fx
Broken bone ends are forced into eachother
Spiral fx
Ragged break due to twisting forces
Greenstick fx
Broke breaks incompletely
Hematoma is formed; fibrocartilage callus is formed; bony callus is formed; bone remodeling
What are the four stages of healing a bone?
Skull, verterbral column, bony thorax
What are the three parts of the axial skeleton?
Cranial and frontal
What are the two sets of bones in the skull?
Sutures
What are the parts of a babies skull that are not closed?
Mandible
What ia the only facial bone that is attached by a moveable joint?
Hyoid bone
What is the only bone that does not articulate with another bone?
Large
The fetal skull is --- compared to their body
Fontanelles
Fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones
Invertebral discs; foramen
Vertebrae are seperated by --- --- and are next to the invertebral ---
Manubrium, body and xyphoid process
What are the three main pieces of the sternum?
Limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdal
What are the three parts of the appendicular skeleton? (Movement)
Calvicle: collarbone and scapula: shoulder blade
What are the two bones of the pectoal girdle and define them...
Humerus; raidus and ulna; carpals, metacarpals and phalanges
What is the main bone of the arm? What are the two bones that make up the forearm? What are the three hand bones?
Ilium, Pubic and Ischium
What are the three bones that make up the pelvic girdle?
Reporductive organs, urinary bladder, part of the large intestine
What are the three mainorgans or sets of organs that the pelvic girdle protects?
Female
Is a male or females pelvis bigger?
Femur; fibula and tibia; patella; talus-top and calcaneus; tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges
What is the main bone of the thigh? What are rhe two bones that make up the leg? What is the bone of the kneecap? What are the two main ankle bones and which one is on the top where the fibula attaches? What are the three bones that make up the foot?
Hold bones together and allow for movement; functionally and structurally
What are the two main funcions of joints? How are joints classified (2 ways)?
Synathroses
Immovable joints (functionally classified)
Amohiarthroses
Slightly movable (functionally classifed)
Diarthroses
Freely moveable (functionally classifed)
Fibrous; distal end of tibia and fibula
Generally immovable joints (structurally classifed) with an example
Cartilaginous; intervertebral joints
Immovable or slightly movable joints (structurally classified) with an example
Synovial; elbow and humerus
Freely movable (structurally classified)
Synovial fluid
What is found in the joint cavity of synovial joints?
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction
Tendonitis
Inflammation of tendons
Arthritis
Inflammatory or degentive diseases of joints; most widespread crippling disease in the US
Osteoarthritis
Most common type f chronic arthritis; probabky relating to normal aging
Rheumatoid arthritis
An autoimmune diesease- immune system attaches the joints; leads to defomities; inflammation of joints
Gouty arthritis
Caused by deposition of urate crystals in the blood; can usuallt be contolled by diet
Gliding joints
Found where bones meet as flat surfaces and pbones can glid past eachother
Hinge
Type of Synovial Joints found at humerus and elbow
Saddle
Joints that permit 360 degree movements
Vitamin D and calcium; Vitamin C
What are the deficiencies associated with rickets and scurvy?
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