BIOL 320 ch 23

Select the correct response
a) gastric secretion can be stimulated before food as entered the stomach
b) gastric secretion is enhanced by very low pH (below 2)
c) the presence of food in the stomach prevents hormonal control of gastric secretions
d) vagus stimulation of the stomach results in decreased secretions of gastric juice
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Terms in this set (104)
Select the correct response
a) gastric secretion can be stimulated before food as entered the stomach
b) gastric secretion is enhanced by very low pH (below 2)
c) the presence of food in the stomach prevents hormonal control of gastric secretions
d) vagus stimulation of the stomach results in decreased secretions of gastric juice
A
There are some 20 known pathogens found in the large intestine; Our Ig__ anti-body mediated response restricts them from going beyond the mucosa and causing problems
a) M
b) D
c) E
d) A
D
What part of the tooth bears the force of chewing?
enamel
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the small intestine?
a) exhibits external muscular bands called teniae coli
b) it has pocked-like sacs called haustra
c) does not contain villi
d) is longer than small intestine
D
Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which one?
a) cholecystokinin
b) lipase
c) pepsin
d) renin
B
the salivary glands are composed of which two types of secretory cells?
a) cuboidal epithelium and ciliated columnar cells
b) parietal and glial cells
c) goblet cells and squamous epithelial cells
d) serious cells and mucous cells
D
gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of _____
a) simple carbohydrates and alcohols
b) fatty acids
c) protein and peptide fragments
d) starches and complex carbohydrates
C
Which of these is NOT a component of saliva?

a) a cyanide additive
b) nitric oxide
c) defensins
d) lysozome
A
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called _____
a) mesenteries
b) lamina propria
c) mucosal lining
d) serosal lining
A
The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the _____

a) submucosa
b) mucosa
c) serosa
d) muscularis externa
A
When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This serious of reactions is called _____ a) absorption b) mechanical digestion c) secretion d) chemical digestionDWhich of the following is NOT true of saliva? a) moistens food and acids in compacting of the bolus b) contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteins c) cleanses the mouth d) dissolves food chemicals so they can be tastedBPepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the _____ a) chief cells of the stomach b) Brunner's glands c) parietal cells of the duodenum d) goblet cells of the small intestineAWhich of the following enzymes is specific for protein? a) lipase b) dextrinase c) amylase d) trypsinDSelect the correct statement about electrolyte absorption a) chlorine ion absorption is coupled to glucose and amino acid transport b) if vitamin B is not present, calcium is not absorbed c) potassium moves across the epithelium by active transport d) iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenumDHepatocytes do not ____ a) process nutrients b) store fat-soluble vitamins c) produce digestive enzymes d) detoxify toxic chemicalsCChoose the incorrect answer regarding bile a) bile contains enzymes for digestion b) bile is both an excretory product and a digestive secretion c) bile functions to emulsify fats d) bile functions to carry bilirubin formed from breakdown of worn-out RBCsAChemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ______ a) anabolism b) catabolism c) fermentation d) masticationBWhich of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds? a) fungiform, circumvallate, and filiform b) fungiform and circumvallate c) palatine and circumvallate d) circumvallate and filiformBA baby is admitted to the hospital with a history of projectile vomiting after eat feeding. On examination, it is found that the sphincter controlling food passage from the stomach to the duodenum is thickened and does not open readily. Because the baby's loss of gastric juice, his blood probably indicates ________ a) dysphagia b) ketosis c) acidosis d) alkalosisDthe solutes contained in saliva include a) electrolytes, digestive enzymes, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA b) mucin, lysozymes, electrolytes, salts and minerals c) only salts and minerals d) only proteases and amylaseAWhich of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth? A) The number of permanent teeth is always equal to the number of primary teeth. B) There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge. C) The number of upper permanent teeth is not equal to the number of lower permanent teeth. D) There are 27 permanent teeth, and the first molars are usually the last to emerge.BIn addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach ________. A) is the first site where absorption takes place B) is the only place where fats are completely digested C) is the first site where chemical digestion of starch takes place D) initiates protein digestion and denatures proteinsDThe dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for? A) incisor tooth B) molar tooth C) canine tooth D) premolar toothCSelect the statement that is true concerning primary teeth. A) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20. B) There are 32 primary teeth, and by 36 months of age, most children have all 32. C) There are 24 primary teeth, and no new primary teeth appear after 13 months. D) There are 27 primary teeth, and the molars are permanent.AGastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones orparacrines that are released directly innto the lamina propria. Which of the following cell typessynthesize and secrete these products? A) zymogenic cells B) mucous neck cells C) enteroendocrine cells D) parietal cellsCich of the following is (are) not important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of gastric secretion? A) distention B) peptides C) low acidity D) carbohydratesDA fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsificationagents, and phospholipids is ________ A) gastric juice B) pancreatic juice C) intestinal juice D) bileDChyme is created in the ________ A) stomach B) esophagus C) small intestine D) mouthAWhich of the following iis an essential role played by large intestine bacteria? A) absorb bilirubin B) synthesize vitamin K and B-complex vitamins C) synthesize vitamins C and D D) produce gasBThe ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a centralvenous structure. A) pancreas B) spleen C) stomach D) liverDFrom the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen. A) muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa B) submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa C) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa D) serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externaCWhich of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion? A) enterogastric B) gastric C) intestinal D) cephalicAHydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach? A) mucous neck cells B) serous cells C) chief cells D) parietal cellDIf an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the ________. A) serosa B) submucosa C) mucosa D) muscularis externaAThe ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite toform the ________. A) hepatopancreatic ampulla B) portal vein C) pancreatic acini D) bile canaliculusAThe capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________. A) submucosa B) serosa C) lamina propria D) adventitiaCThe function of goblet cells is to ________. A) secrete buffers in order to keep the pH of the digestive tract close to neutral B) produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerfulenzymes needed for food digestion C) absorb nutrients from digested food and store them for future use D) provide protection against invading bacteria and other disease-causing organisms that enterthe digestive tract in foodBSeleect the correct statement about absorption. A) Eighty percent of ingested materials have been absorbed by the end of the large intestine. B) Amino acid transport is linked to chloride transport .C) Carbohydrates diffuse across the villus epithelium and are then actively transported intoblood capillaries. D) If intact proteins are transported across the villus epithelium, an immune response may begeneratedDWhich hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulatesgallbladder contraction to release bile? A) secretin B) cholecystokinin C) gastrin D) gastric inhibitor peptideBWhich of these is not part of the splanchnic circulation? A) hepatic portal vein B) superior mesenteric arterry C) celiac artery D) inferior vena cavaDWhich vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?B12The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task? A) plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli B) Brunner's glands and Peyer Patches C) the vast array of digestive enzymes D) the rugae and haustraAWhich of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier? A) thick coating of bicarbonate-rich mucus B) production of intrinsic factor C) replacing of damaged epithelial mucosa cells D) tight junctions of epithelial mucosa cellsBPeristaltic waves are ______ A) churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract B) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another C) pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract D) segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tractBSelect the correct statement about digestive processes A) Pepsin is an enzyme produced by the stomach for the purpose of starch digestion. B) All commonly ingested substances are significantly absorbed by the mucosa of the stomach. C) Chyme entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex. D) Enterogastrone is a hormone that helps increase gastric motility.CThe ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur? A) This type of food would cause secretion of gastrin to cease, causing digestive upset. B) The acid secretions from the stomach would be sufficient to digest this food. C) Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum. D) Severe indigestion would occur, caused by the lack of sufficient digestive enzymes.CYou have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal? A) amylase B) gastrin C) cholecystokinin D) trypsinAThe chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________.digestionThere are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs ________. A) at the end of a large meal, and the juices secreted are powerful and remain in the GI tract for along period of time B) immediately after food enters the stomach, preparing the small intestine for the influx of a variety of nutrients C) when the meal is excessively high in acids and neutralization is required D) before food enters the stomach and is triggered by aroma, sight, or thoughtDWhat stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs? A) intrinsic factor B) gastric lipase C) HCl D) pepsinogenAPaneth cells ________. A) secrete digestive enzymes B) secrete enzymes that kill bacteria C) secrete hormones D) secrete bicarbonate ionsBNervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________. A) the rubrospinal tracts B) somatic neurons in the spinal cord C) the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts D) the vagus nerve and enteric plexusDChief cells ________. A) produce gastrin B) produce mucin C) produce HCl D) produce pepsinogenDParietal cells of the stomach produce ________. A) hydrochloric acid B) rennin C) mucin D) pepsinogenAThe lamina propria is composed of ________. A) dense irregular connective tissue B) loose connective tissue C) reticular connective tissue D) dense regular connective tissueBSurgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in which part of the body? A) oral cavity B) salivary glands C) esophagus D) nasal cavityAWhich of the following produce intrinsic factor? A) enteroendocrine cells B) mucous neck cells C) parietal cells D) zymogenic cellsCThe enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called ________. A) diffusion B) denatured C) hydrolysis D) active transportCDigestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged? A) proteins B) lipids C) starches D) carbohydratesBThe mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located ________. A) in the oral cavity B) in the pons and medulla C) in the glandular tissue that lines the organ lumen D) in the walls of the tract organsDThe function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________. A) distribute hormones throughout the body B) return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low C) carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary tract D) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storageDHow are most nutrients absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villa? A) facilitated diffusion B) simple diffusion C) bulk flow D) active transportDHormones or paracrines that inhibit gastric secretion include ________. A) gastrin B) histamine C) secretin D) AChCChemical digestion in the small intestine involves ________. A) bile salts that help emulsify carbohydrates so that they can be easily digested by enzymaticaction B) cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction C) secretions from the spleen that contain all enzymes necessary for complete digestion D) a significant amount of enzyme secretion by the intestinal mucosaBHow is salivation controlled?chemoreceptors and pressoreceptors in the mouth send signals to the salivatory nuclei in the brain stem. The parasympathetic nervous system activity increases and motor fibers trigger the increase in serous, enzyme rich salivaThe principle enzyme for breaking down carbohydratesamylaseCompare/contrast structure and function of a premolar and a molarpremolars have a broad crown with rounded cusps and one root except the first upper molars. Molars have broad crowns with rounded cusps but are larger and have at least 2 rootsWhat is heartburn and what causes it?the discomfort felt in the chest area when the acidic gastric juices get regurgitated into the esophagus. This may happen when someone has eaten or drunk too much, or by extreme obesity or discomfort of pregnancy. Related to the weakness of the gastroesophageal sphincter, frequently associated with hiatal herniaThe ____ phase of gastric secretions occurs when food enters the stomachgastricAnother word for vomiting is ______emesisWhat are chylomicrons?tiny fatty droplets composed of triglycerides, small amounts of phospholipids, cholesterol, free fatty acids, and some protein that circulates in the blood but have not yet been reprocessed by the liverWhat is bile and where is it produced? What is it's function? Where is it stored and concentrated?It is an alkaline solution containing bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, fats, phospholipids, and a variety of electrolytes. It is produced in the liver. It's digestive function is to emulsify fats. It's stored in the gallbladderThe longest portion of the small intestine is the ______IleumAssume you have been chewing a piece of bread for 5 minutes. How would you expect its taste to change in this time?The bread will begin to taste sweet because the starch has broken down into sugar maltose due to chemical digestion of carbohydrates by salivary amylaseName the 3 pairs of salivary glandsParotid, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glandsThe part of the peritoneum that covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs is the ______ peritoneumvisceralDefine constipation and diarrhea with possible causesdiarrhea is watery stools resulting from any condition that rushes food residue through the large intestine before that organ has sufficient time to absorb the remaining water; constipation is a condition in which too much water has been absorbed and the stool becomes hard, results from lack of fiber in the diet, improper bowel habits, laxative abuse, or anything that decreases motilitythe protective outermost layer of the esophagus is the ____adventitiaCells are found int he sinusoids of the liver that remove debris from the blood as it flows past are called ____ macrophagesstellateThe _____ ligament anchors a tooth in the alveolus of the jawperiodontalWhy is it necessary for the stomach to be so acidic? How does the stomach protect itself from digestion?HCl is necessary for the activation and optimal activity of pepsin, and it kills many of the bacteria ingested with food. Mucous cells in the lining of the stomach secrete an alkaline mucus that clings to the stomach wall and helps to shield it from the acid. The epithelial cells of the mucosa are joined together by tight junctions that prevent gastric juice from leaking into underlying tissue layers. Damaged epithelial cells are shed and quickly replaced by cell divisionThe chief bile pigment isbilirubinHow is digestive activity provoked after eating? What activates the secretion of digestive juices into the lumen or hormones into the blood?Mechanoreceptors located in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract respond to stretching by the introduction of food into the lumen. Likewise, chemoreceptors in the walls are able to respond to changes in solute concentration and pH as well as the presence of substrates and end products of digestion.Cells of the stomach that secrete HCL are _____ cellsparietal3 ways the small intestine is modified to increase surface area for digestion and absorptionplicae circulares, villi, and microvillieName two regions of the digestive tract where mechanical food breakdown processes are very important. Name two organs that are primarily food conduits. Name the organ where protein digestion is begun. Name the organ where fat digestion begins.1) mouth and stomach 2) esophagus and pharynx 3) stomach 4) small intestineIncreases output of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate ionssecretinenzymatic breakdown of any type of food moleculehydrolysiswavelike smooth muscle contractions that move foodstuffs through the alimentary tubeperistalsischemical or mechanical process of breaking down foodstuffs into simpler unitsdigestionstimulates insulin release and mildly inhibits HCL productiongastric inhibitory peptideincreases output of enzymatic rich pancreatic juicecholecystokininprocess by which simpler chemical units pass through the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymphabsorptionincreases HCL secretion and stimulates contraction of intestinal musclegastrinA patient has esophageal cancer and must have a feeding tube inserted. The nurse tells the patient that the tube will be inserted surgically into the duodenum. The patient's wife asks why the tube will not be inserted into thestomach. What should the nurse say?The duodenum is part of the small intestine, which is the body's major digestive organ. Digestion is completed and absorption is best in the small intestine. There is also less risk for vomiting, which maycause complications.A woman is brought to an emergency room complaining of severe pain in her left iliac region. She claims previous episodes and says that the condition is worse when she is constipated, and is relieved by defecation. A large, tender mass is palpated in the left iliac fossa and a barium study reveals a large number of diverticula in her descending and sigmoid colon. What are diverticula, and what is believed to promote their formation? Does this woman have diverticulitis or diverticulosis? Explain.Diverticula are small herniations of the mucosa through the colon walls, a condition called diverticulosis.They are believed to form when the diet lacks bulk and the volume of residue in the colon is small. The colon narrows contractions of its circular muscles and they become more powerful, increasing the pressure on its walls. Diverticulitis is a condition in which the diverticula become inflamed. This woman has diverticulitis due to the inflammation of her diverticula, as evidenced by the pain and mass.A patient is 67 years old and has had a hiatal hernia for three years. In the last year, she has complained of worsening heartburn, especially at night. What are the characteristic symptoms of a hiatal hernia and which of these symptoms did the patient have?Heartburn and regurgitation from gastroesophageal reflux are the most common clinical manifestations of hiatal hernia. This patient complained of heartburn.A 45-year-old patient was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of cirrhosis of the liver. He is thin and malnourished. His abdomen is very large due to an accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity. His lower extremities are very swollen. Explain why these changes have occurred.Cirrhosis is a diffuse and progressive chronic scarring of the liver that typically results from chronic alcoholism or severe chronic hepatitis. Cirrhosis is characterized by extensive degeneration and destruction of the liver parenchymal cells. Edema and ascites (accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity) Occur because the portal blood cannot flow as easily through narrowed, scarred canaliculi,leading to a backup of pressure (portal hypertension) that causes increased filtration loss of fluid through intestinal capillary walls.Sami has been hospitalized with acute gastritis. Her symptoms were epigastric pressure (just above the stomach), headache, nausea, and vomiting with traces of old dark blood. She revealed that she had been suffering back pain and drank four shots of gin and took three aspirin to "kill the pain." What led the physician to make this diagnosis, and what may have caused the sudden attack?Gastritis is an inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach and is suspected because of the pain location, accompanying symptoms, and ingestion of likely causative agents. He would likely confirm the diagnosis by doing an upper GI endoscopy. The probable reason for the abrupt onset of symptoms is due to rapid and heavy ingestion of alcohol and aspirin. Acute gastritis is often due to chemical irritants that destroy the alkaline mucus barrier, particularly alcohol or salicylate.Mrs. Wong goes to the emergency room with the following symptoms: severe pain in the umbilical region, loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting. While she was waiting to see a doctor, the pain moved to the lower right abdominal quadrant. What is the likely diagnosis and treatment?Appendicitis. Surgical removalA patient was admitted to the hospital because of severe epigastric pain. He has noted that his stools were darker than the usual brown color. He appears pale and very anxious. The history reports that he drinks 2-3beers per day and smokes 2 packs of cigarettes a day. Based on the assessment data, what condition might thenurse determine this patient has? Explain why.The patient most likely has a gastric ulcer. The most distressing symptom of a gastric ulcer is gnawing epigastric pain that seems to bore through to the back. The danger posed by ulcers is perforation of the stomach wall followed by peritonitis and massive hemorrhage. Because the patient's stools are darker than usual and he is pale and anxious, the nurse suspects a bleeding ulcer. Factors such as smoking and alcohol increase hypersecretion of hydrochloric acid and low secretion of mucus.A 45-year-old patient was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of cirrhosis of the liver. The nurse is observing him closely for the possibility of gastrointestinal bleeding. Why is this considered a possible complication?As scar tissue eventually shrinks, it obstructs blood flow throughout the hepatic portal system, causing portal hypertension. Some veins of the portal system anastomose with veins that drain into the venae cavae. However, these connecting veins are small, include submucosal veins in the lower esophagus and gastric cardia, and tend to burst when forced to carry large volumes of blood. Signs of their failure include vomiting blood.Jose is brought to the emergency room complaining of a burning sensation in his chest, increased salivation, and difficulty in swallowing. He is having difficulty breathing and feels the presence of a "lump in his throat." The diagnosis is gastroesophageal reflux disease. ExplainGastroesophageal reflux disease is a disorder in which the rate of reflux is greater than in normal individuals and causes clinical symptoms and/or histological changes. Reflux and regurgitation may result in aspiration of gastric contents into the air passages, causing respiratory distress such as hoarseness, asthma, and pneumonia. The sensation of a lump in his throat may be due to esophageal muscle spasm from irritation or even worse, that he has developed a stricture (narrowing) or cancer from prolonged neglect.