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Terms in this set (192)
An angle of 1 arcsecond is ____.Less than the thickness of a hair held at arm's lengthWhen traveling north from the US into canada, you'll see the North Star (Polaris) getting ___.higher in the skyIn any particular place on Earth, certain constellations are visible in the evening only at certain times of the year because___.Our evening view of space depends on where the Earth is located in its orbit around the Sun.The Sun's path, as viewed from the Equator, is highest on ___.the spring and fall equinoxesSuppose it is a full moon. What phase of the Earth would someone on the Moon see at this time?New EarthTrue or False:
Degeneracy pressure can continue to support an object against gravitational collapse even if the object becomes extremely cold.TrueTrue or False:
Degeneracy pressure can only be created by interaction among the electrons in an object.False:
Electron degeneracy pressure can only be created by interactions among the electrons in an object.True or False:
Degeneracy pressure arises from a quantum mechanical effect that we don't notice in our daily lives.TrueTrue or False:
Stars form when gravity overcomes degeneracy pressure.False:
Black holes formThe more massive a white dwarf, the ___ its radius.SmallerWhat prevents a white dwarf from having a mass greater than the white dwarf limit (or Chandrasekhar limit)?Electron degeneracy pressure depends on the speeds of electrons, and as a white dwarf's mass approaches the white dwarf limit, its electron speeds are already approaching the speed of light.The white dwarf that remains when our Sun dies will be mostly made of ___.carbonTrue or False:
The primary factor determining whether a white dwarf has an accretion disk is the white dwarf's mass.False:
The primary factor is NOT mass, but rather it is whether the white dwarf is in a close binary system where gas from its companion can spill over.True or False:
Accretion disks are made primarily out of heavy elements.False:
Simple elements, hydrogen and heliumAccording to present understanding, a nova is caused by ____.the fusion of hydrogen on the surface of a white dwarfTrue or false:
Supernovae eject gas into space but novae do not.False:
Novae also eject gas into space, often creating a nova remnant that remains visible for many years.White Dwarf supernova or Massive star supernova:
Can only occur in a binary systemWDWhite Dwarf supernova or Massive star supernova:
Spectra always lack strong hydrogen linesWDWhite Dwarf supernova or Massive star supernova:
Can occur in a very old star clusterWDWhite Dwarf supernova or Massive star supernova:
Star explodes completely, leaving no compact object behindWDWhite Dwarf supernova or Massive star supernova:
Has a brighter peak luminosityWDWhite Dwarf supernova or Massive star supernova:
Black hole left behindMSWhite Dwarf supernova or Massive star supernova:
Neutron star left behindMSWhite Dwarf supernova or Massive star supernova:
Can only occur in a galaxy with ongoing star formationMSWhen traveling north from the US into Canada, you'll see Polaris getting __.higher in the skyIn any particular place on Earth, certain constellations are visible in the evening only at certain times of the year because ___.Our evening view of space depends on where the Earth is located in its orbit around the SunThe Sun's path, as viewed from the equator, is highest on ___.The spring and fall equinoxesTrue or False:
On a given day, everyone on Earth sees the same phase of the moon.trueSuppose it is a full moon. What phase of the Earth would someone on the Moon see at this time?New EarthYou observe a full moon rising at sunset. What will you see 6 hours later?A full moon on or near your meridianHow many arcminutes are in a full circle?2.16 x 10^4 arcminutesHow many arcseconds are in a full circle (using significant figures)?1.296 x 10^6 arcsecsThe Moon's angular size is about 1/2 degrees. What is this in arcminutes? Arcseconds?30.0 arcminutes
1800.0 arcsecondsFor most of history, the lack of observable stellar parallax was interpreted to mean that ____.Earth is stationary at the center of the universeIf you wanted to document the apparent retrograde motion of Mars, you would need to measure and record Mars's ____ over a period of ____.position among the constellations, several monthsTrue or False:
You are accelerating when you are driving in a straight line at 60 miles per hour.False:
You are notA net force acting on an object will always cause a change in the object's ___.MomentumThe planets never travel in a straight line as they orbit the Sun. According to Newton's second law of motion, this must mean that ____.A force is acting on the planetsSuppose you kick a soccer ball straight up to a height of 10 meters. Which of the following is true about the gravitational potential energy of the ball during its flight?The ball's gravitational potential is greatest at the instant when the ball is at its highest point.Suppose that the Sun shrank in size but that its mass remained the same. What would happen to the orbit of the Earth?NothingNewton showed that Kepler's laws are _______.Natural consequences of the law of universal gravitationAt which lunar phases are tides most pronounced?Both new and full moonsThe light from Polaris travels through space in the form of ____ energy.RadiativeRapidly moving comets have more _____ energy than slowly moving ones.kineticAn apple contains ___ energy that your body can convert into other forms of energy.Chemical potentialNuclear fusion in stars converts some of the ____-energy of hydrogen nuclei into light and heat.MassDue to its much higher density, water heated to 80 degrees (Celsius) contains more ___ energy than air at the same temperature.thermalAn asteroid that is moving farther from the Sun is gaining ______ energy.gravitational potentialAs a cloud shrinks in size, its rate of rotation ____ because _____.Speeds up, its total angular momentum is conserved.Where are the tidal bulges normally located?One faces the Moon and one faces opposite the MoonAny particular location on Earth experiences ___ high tides and ___ low tides each day.2, 2X rays have ___ frequency than radio waves.higherX rays have ____ wavelengths than radio waves.shorterWhat's another name for light?Electromagnetic radiation.True or False:
You will see an absorption line spectrum from a cloud of gas in interstellar space when the cloud is cool and lies between you and a hot star.trueIf a star shifts to a shorter wavelength what does that mean>Shift to the blue end of the spectrum (blueshift) so that the object is moving toward usSuppose that Star X and Star Y both have redshifts, but Star X has a larger redshift than Star Y. What can you conclude?Star X is moving away from us faster than Star YThe total amount of light in the spectrum tells us the star's ____.radiusWhy does the Chandra X ray observatory have to operate in space?X rays cannot penetrate Earth's atmosphere.What kind of spectrum do we see when we look at a hot light source (like a star or light bulb) directly behind a cooler cloud of gas?Absorption lineWhat type of visible light spectrum does the Sun produce?An absorption line spectrumWhat is the formula that calculates the speed of light?Wavelength x frequencyWhat would we do if we wanted to know what the Sun is made of?Compare the wavelengths of lines in the Sun's spectrum to the wavelengths of lines produced by chemical elements in the laboratory.Organize the electromagnetic spectrum into six categories of light from shortest to longest wavelength.gamma rays
x rays
UV
visible light
infrared
radio wavesOrganize the electromagnetic spectrum into six categories of light from lowest to highest frequency.Radio waves
inrared
visible light
UV
x rays
gamma raysWhat forms of light can be observed with telescopes at sea level?Visible and radio wavesTerrestrial or Jovian:
Surfaces dramatically altered during the heavy bombardmentTTerrestrial or Jovian:
Accreted from planetesimals of rock and metalTTerrestrial or Jovian:
Formed in regions cold enough for water to freezeJTerrestrial or Jovian:
Large moons formed in surrounding disks of material.JTerrestrial or Jovian:
Ejected icy planetismals that are now Oort cloud cometsJTerrestrial or Jovian:
Formed in a region of the solar system with lower orbital speeds.JTerrestrial or Jovian:
Accreted from icy planetismals.JWhat substances were found within the inner 0.3 AU of the solar system before planets began to form?rocks, metals, hydrogen compounds, hydrogen, and helium
(all in gaseous form)True or false:
Rock and metals existed as solid flakes within the inner 0.3 AU of the solar system before planets began to form.False:
Nothing existed in a solid state in that region and timeWhich regions are asteroids/comets concentrated in?Kuiper belt, asteroid belt, oort cloudWhat are the four characteristics of the solar system?Large bodies in the solar system have orderly motions
Swarms of asteroids and comets popular the solar system.
Planets fall into two major categories.
There are exceptions (Uranus's odd tilt, our large moon)Which planet is approximately halfway between Pluto's orbit and the Sun?Urnaus, the 7th planet from the SunWhat internal heat source still generates heat within the terrestrial worlds today?heat from radioactive decayWhat is a reason Venus doesn't have a global magnetic field like Earth?Its rotation is too slowHow do you best describe how the greenhouse effect works?A planet's surface absorbs visible sunlight and returns this absorbed energy to space as infrared light. Greenhouse gases slow the escape of this infrared radiation, which thereby heats the lower temperature.Why does Venus have so little wind erosion?its slow rotationWhat two factors are most important to the existence of plate tectonics on Earth?mantle convection and a thin lithosphereThe energy that warms Earth's surface comes primarily in the form of _____.visible light from the SunVolcanism, impact cratering, erosion, or tectonics:
Mars' Olympus MonsVolcanismVolcanism, impact cratering, erosion, or tectonics:
Big Island of HawaiivVolcanism, impact cratering, erosion, or tectonics:
smooth surfaces of the lunar mariavVolcanism, impact cratering, erosion, or tectonics:
old surface features of the lunar highlandsicVolcanism, impact cratering, erosion, or tectonics:
Earth's grand canyoneVolcanism, impact cratering, erosion, or tectonics:
Mars' Valles MarineristVolcanism, impact cratering, erosion, or tectonics:
current locations of Earth's continentstVolcanism, impact cratering, erosion, or tectonics:
Mercury's many long, tall cliffstWhat gas is not a significant ingredient of the jovian planet atmospheres?Carbon dioxideWhy is the term "gas giants" misleading?Jovian planets contain relatively little material in a gaseous state. Much more of their mass is liquid, metallic, or in strange high pressure states that we don't naturally find on EarthWhat would happen to Jupiter if we could somehow double its mass?Its density would increase but its diameter would barely change.Why are Uranus and Neptune so much less massive than Jupiter and Saturn?Particles in the solar nebula were more spread out at greater distances, so that accretion took longer and there was less time to pull in gas before the solar wind cleared the nebula.Why does Jupiter have 3 distinct layers of clouds?The three layers represent clouds made of gases that condense at different temperatures and therefore different altitudes.Why don't Jupiter and Saturn have methane clouds?Temperatures on Jupiter and Saturn are too high for methane condense.which of the jovian planets contian methane clouds?Uranus and NeptuneWhich jovian planet should have the most extreme seasonaal changes?UrnausWhy is the radiation so intense in a region that traces Io's orbit around Jupiter?The region is full of gases ionized after being expelled from volcanoes on Io.What explains why so many Jovian moons have been more geologically active in the past than have the Moon or Mercury?Jovian moons are made mostly of ice that can melt or deform at much lower temperatures that can the rock and metal that make up the Moon and MercuryWhy do astronomers believe that Triton is a captured moon?Triton orbits Neptune in a direction opposite that of Neptune's rotationWhat is required in order for a planet to have rings?the planet must have many small moons that orbit relatively close to the planet in its equatorial planeIo, Europa, or Ganymede:
volcanoes currently eruptingiIo, Europa, or Ganymede:
hot, glowing lava visible in some photosiIo, Europa, or Ganymede:
source of ionized gas in the donut shaped charged particle belt around jupiteriIo, Europa, or Ganymede:
surface features provide evidence of a subsurface liquid oceaneIo, Europa, or Ganymede:
ice covered surface with few impact craterseIo, Europa, or Ganymede:
largest moon in the solar systemgIo, Europa, or Ganymede:
heavily cratered terrain adjacent to much younger terraingTrue or false:
Jupiter and Saturn have compositions that are fairly different from the compositions of Uranus and NeptuneTTrue or false:
Jupiter and Saturn are higher in density than Uranus and NeptuneF
LowerSaturn's rings are composed of ____.lots of individual particles of ice and rockWhich of jupiter's moons experiences the most significant tidal heating?IoJupiter/Saturn, Uranus/Neptune, All 4 Jovian planets, or no Jovian planets:
composed mostly of hydrogen and heliumJSJupiter/Saturn, Uranus/Neptune, All 4 Jovian planets, or no Jovian planets:
interior is mostly liquid/metallic hydrogenJSJupiter/Saturn, Uranus/Neptune, All 4 Jovian planets, or no Jovian planets:
blue color because of methaneUNJupiter/Saturn, Uranus/Neptune, All 4 Jovian planets, or no Jovian planets:
Composed mostly of hydrogen compoundsUNJupiter/Saturn, Uranus/Neptune, All 4 Jovian planets, or no Jovian planets:
Strong atmospheric winds and stormsAllJupiter/Saturn, Uranus/Neptune, All 4 Jovian planets, or no Jovian planets:
Magnetic field stronger than Earth'sAllJupiter/Saturn, Uranus/Neptune, All 4 Jovian planets, or no Jovian planets:
Orbited by rings of ice and rockAllJupiter/Saturn, Uranus/Neptune, All 4 Jovian planets, or no Jovian planets:
Approximately 10 Earth-mass coreAllJupiter/Saturn, Uranus/Neptune, All 4 Jovian planets, or no Jovian planets:
Solid surface under a thick atmosphereNoneObjects in the Kuiper belt are mostly made of ___.IceObjects in the Oort cloud contain large proportions of ____.IceObjects int he asteroid belt and Kuiper belt orbit the Sun in nearly the ____ plane as the planets, but objects in the _______ do not.same, Oort cloudA rock found on Earth that crashed down from space is called _____.MeteoriteThe asteroid belt is located ____.between the orbits of Mars and JupiterTrue or False:
If we could put all the asteroid together, they would make an object about the size of Earth.False
the total mass of the asteroids is much less than the mass of a terrestrial planet.What do we mean by a primitive meteorite?A piece of rock that is essentially unchanged since it first condensed and accreted in the solar nebula some 4.6 billion years ago.What is a coma?A large atmosphere of gas and dust released by the comet.The total number of comets orbiting the Sun is estimated to be about _____.1 trillionWhat is Charon?The largest of Pluto's three known moons____ is best explained as a large member of the Kuiper beltPlutoWhat is Eris?An icy object that orbits in the Kuiper belt and is larger than PlutoWhat was the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impact?The 1994 impact of a chain of comet fragments into JupiterComet, meteor, or asteroid:
form a coma when near the Sun.CComet, meteor, or asteroid:
most are located either in Kuiper belt or Oort cloud.CComet, meteor, or asteroid:
visible in the sky as a fuzzy patch of light that rises and sets with the stars.CComet, meteor, or asteroid:
visible in the sky as a bright streak of light for only a few secondsmComet, meteor, or asteroid:
dust particles entering Earth's atmosphere at high speed.mComet, meteor, or asteroid:
typically orbit the Sun at approximately 3 AU.aComet, meteor, or asteroid:
compositions similar to that of the terrestrial planets.aWhat is the probability that an object 100 m in diameter will hit Earth during the coming year?About 1 in 1000What are the two current major approaches to detecting extrasolar planets indirectly?Transit method and doppler methodWhy does the Doppler method generally allow us to determine only minimum planetary masses?The Doppler technique detects only movement toward and away from us, so we don't know the planet's orbital inclination. A very massive planet with a large inclination will give the same tugs along our line of sight to its star as a smaller planet with no inclination.True or false:
If a planet causes transits we can know its precise mass because we know its inclination is nearly zero and therefore the minimum mass is the actual mass.TrueBased on what we know about our own solar system, the discovery of hot Jupiters came as a surprise to scientists because these planets are _____.So close to their starsTrue or false:
Jovian planets can form in the warm, inner regions of their star system.False
Terrestrial planets. Jovian planets form in the cold, outer regions but can migrate inward.Why would having six planets with moons as big as our moon to earth ratio be impossible?Unusually large moons form in giant impacts, which are relatively rare events.True or false:
Our Sun is considered to be a low mass Sun.TrueGenerally speaking, how does the surface temperature and luminosity of a protostar compare to the surface temperature and luminosity of the main-sequence star it becomes?A main-sequence star is hotter and dimmer than it was as a protostarTrue or false:
More massive stars are more common than less massive stars.False: vise versaWhy is a 1 solar mass red giant more luminous than a 1 solar mass main sequence star?Fusion reactions are producing more energy more rapidly in a red giant star.True or false:
Each stage of core nuclear burning in a high mass star is shorter and shorter.TWhich event marks the beginning of a supernova?The sudden collapse of an iron core into a compact ball of neutrons.A spinning neutron star has been observed at the center of a ____.Supernova remnantWhich is more common: a star blows up as a supernova, or a star forms a planetary nebula/white dwarf system?Planetary nebula formation is more commonThe third most abundant element in the Milky Way Galaxy is ____.OxygenAccording to current understanding, the two most abundant elements in the universe were made ____.In the big bangRank these stars based on their surface temperature from highest to lowest:
Our Sun
Blue white dwarf star
Red supergiant star
Orange main sequence starBlue white dwarf star
Sun
Orange main sequence star
red supergiant starList the stages of life for a star similar to our Sun.Contracting cloud of gas and dust.
Protostar
Main sequence G-Star
Red giant
Planetary nebula
White dwarfObserve directly or infer indirectly:
parallax angleODObserve directly or infer indirectly:
ColorODObserve directly or infer indirectly:
Spectral typeODObserve directly or infer indirectly:
Apparent brightnessODObserve directly or infer indirectly:
Surface temperatureIDObserve directly or infer indirectly:
RadiusIDObserve directly or infer indirectly:
MassIDObserve directly or infer indirectly:
LuminosityIDWhat must we measure directly so that we can infer a star's surface temperature?Spectral typeWhat must be true if we are to infer a star's luminosity directly from the inverse square law for light?No interstellar gas or dust absorbs or scatters light between us and the star.
We have measured the star's distance.
We have measured the star's apparent brightness.We can measure a star's mass directly if _____.It is a member of an eclipsing binary system.True or false:
Degeneracy pressure can only be created by interactions among the electrons in an object.Electron degeneracy pressure can only be created by interactions among the electrons in an object, but not of neutron degeneracy pressure.True or false:
Degeneracy pressure arises from a quantum mechanical effect that we don't notice in our daily lives.TThe more massive a white dwarf, the ___.smaller its radiusWhat prevents a white dwarf from having a mass greater than the white dwarf limit (or Chandrasekhar limit)?Electron degeneracy pressure depends on the speeds of electrons, and as a white dwarf's mass approaches the white dwarf limit, its electron speeds are already approaching the speed of light.The white dwarf that remains when our Sun dies will be mostly made of ______.carbonTrue or False:
Accretion disks have gas in the outer parts of the disk that travels faster than the gas in the inner parts of the disk.False, vise versaTrue or false:
Accretion disks are made primarily of hydrogen and helium gas.TAccording to present understanding, a nova is caused by _________.the fusion of hydrogen on the surface of a white dwarf
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