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Chapter 40: Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Terms in this set (128)

within an internal environment of extracellular fluid
Where cells of multicellular animals exist
How cells are specialized to maintain specific aspects of extracellular fluid environment
getting nutrients in, shuttling wastes out, maintaining ion concentrations, circulation, energy storage, movement, info processesing
changing external environment
what challenges cellular internal environment
homeostasis
maitinence of stable conditions in internal environment
By responding and reacting to changes in environment (stimuli)
How cells maintain homeostasis physiological systems
Endocrine and Nervous systems
Systems controlling physiological systems
stimuli from internal or external environment
What is required in order to regulate internal environment of a cell
set/reference point
Name for constant points such as body temperature, heart beats per minute
feedback information
This is the comparison of the state of the system through comparing it to the reference point
Difference between set point and feedback info
Error signal
effectors
Where responses to stimuli come from
Origin of responses to stimuli; effect change in internal environment
Effectors
Regulatory systems
What controls effectors
Regulatory systems
controls effectors and sensors; obtain, process, and integrate info, issue commands to effectors
regulatory systems
who issues commands to effectors
regulatory systems
Where are sensors located
sensors
What's in a regulatory system that senses changes
Negative feedback, Positive Feedback, and Feedforward information
What three ways is the info from sensors used?
Sensors and Effectors
What two systems does the regulatory system contain
negative feedback
Most common use of sensory info in regulatory systems
negative feedback
information causes the effectors to reduce or reverse influence of the error signal
positive feedback
amplifies response to stimulus
feedforward information
changes initial setpoint before stimulus actually occurs
speed limit
While driving what acts as the set point
the driver
while driving what acts as the regulatory system
a deer sighting
while driving what can be a feedforward info
difference between actual speed going and speed limit
while driving what can be an error signal
tissues
groups of cells similar in structure and function
Epithelium, Connective, Nervous, Muscle
four primary types of tissues
covering
Epithelilal tissue purpose
support
Connective tissue purpose
Nervous
Tissue used for control
Muscle
Tissue used for movement
Epilethal tissue
Tissue used for covering, lining, and glandular use
connective tissue
Tissue used for support
secretion of hormones, milk, digestive enzymes, Providing info to nervous system, protection, filtration and transport
Functions of epilethal tissue
functions of epilethal tissue
secretion of hormones, milk, digestive enzymes, Providing info to nervous system, protection, filtration and transport
muscles tissue
elongated cells that can contract to generate force and cause movement
use most of energy produced in body
Why are muscle tissue considered active
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Three types of muscle tissue
locomotion and other body movements
Responsibilities of skeletal muscles
cardiac muscles
muscle that makes up the heart
involuntary, controlled by physiologic regulatory system
Is the cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary and what controls it
smooth muscle
this muscle is responsible for movement and generation of force in many hollow organs
gut, bladder and blood vessels
where are smooth muscle tissues located
involuntary
Are the smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary
physiologic regulatory systems
who controls the smooth muscles
both
are skeletal muscles under conscious or conscious control
connective tissue
dispersed populations of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix that they secrete
collagen
What is the dominant/most abundant protein in the extracellular matrix?
Collagen
Name this protein in the extracellular matrix. Gives strength to skin and connection between bones and muscles. Provide framework for organs.
Elastin
Name this protein in the extracellular matrix. Can be stretched several times its resting length and recoil. Most abundant in wall of lungs and large arteries.
Cartilage
Whatre the collagen fibers embedded in a flexible matrix make up a protein-carbohydrate complex.
collagen fibers
What is cartilage made up of?
being flexible
What is cartilage known for
bone
extracellular matrix hardened by deposition of calcium phosphate
adipose tissue
Loose connective tissue that contains adipose cells
adipose tissue
What tissue is responsible for forming lipids, a major source of stored energy, cushioning cells and providing barrier to heat loss
cells dispersed in blood plasma
What's blood consist of
blood plasma
Chondrocytes and blood vessels make up
Nervous Tissue
Neurons and Glial cells make up what tissue
glial and neurons
What cells make up nervous tissue
nerve impulse
This term refers neurons encoding info as electrical signals
nerve implulses traveling long distances to reach other neurons
Axons
nerve impulses
What might release chemical signals to bind to receptors on target cells
make up nervous tissues and provide supporting and protection to neurons
what do glial cells do?
Q10
A measure of temperature sensitivity of chemical reactions
Q10=RT/RT-10
Q10 equation
the reaction isn't temperature sensitive
What's it mean when Q10=1?
the reaction doubles or triples and increases by increments of 10
what's it mean if Q10=2 or 3
if too cold cells moves slow, too hot they denature
Why do animals keep homeostasis
term referring to animals metabolically adjusting to seasonal temperature change
acclimatize
they have ways to acclimatize and have different enzymes functioning at different temperatures for same reactions
Why aren't enzymatic processes slower in winter to fish
source of heat that determines the temperature of the animal
what're thermal classification systems based on
ectotherms
animals whose body temperatures are determined by external sources of heat
endotherms
animals who can regulate body temp by producing heat metabolically or by using active mechanisms of heat
endotherms
what're human's thermal classification
heterotherm
animal that sometimes behaves as an ectotherm or endotherm
mammal that hibernates
what's an example of a heterotherm
why endotherms produce a lot of heat
What does this describe: Cells of endotherms are more leaky to ions and must use energy to maintain ion concentrations inside and out of cell
endotherms
who has a higher resting metabolic rate; endo or ectotherms
influencing endo/ectotherm body temperatures
What're the four avenues of heat exchange between bodies and environment used for?
radiation
heat transfers from warmer objects to cooler ones via exchange of infrared radiation
conduction
heat transfers directly when two objects come into contact
convection
heat transferring to a surrounding medium such as air or water as that medium flows over a surface
evaporation
heat transfers away from a surface when water evaporates on that surface
both
who controls bloodflow to skin, ecto or endotherms
increased
does blood rushing to skin indicated increased or decreased body temperature
cold fish
Process occurs in these type of fish: oxygenated blood from gills collect in large vessels (aorta) traveling thru center of fish, distributing blood to all organs and muscles
hot fish
This type of fish has smaller central dorsal aorta
under the skin
Most of hot fish's oxygenated blood in transported large vessels located where?
warm away from the muscles, cold into the muscle
Which way does cold and warm blood flow in hot fish
hot fish
Bluefin tuna and great white sharks are examples of what fish
countercurrent heat exchanger
when heat is exchanged between blood vessels traveling in opposite directions
keeps heat in muscles, internal body temperatures warm
what does countercurrent heat exchanger do?
changing metabolic rate
How do endotherms respond to changes in environmental temperature
metabolism
rate at which animal consumes 02 and produces CO2
thermoneutral zone
refers to the narrow range of temperature where the metabolic rate of endotherms is low and independent of temp
basal metabolic rate
metabolic rate of a resting animal at a temp within the thermoneutral zone
more lean muscle and fitness
more BMR means...
increases
as animal decreases in size BMR...
shivering
contractions of skeletal muscle to consume ATP
adipose tissue
brown fat is also known as
abundant mitochondria and rich blood supply
why is brown fat brown?
babies and hibernating animals
Where is brown fat found?
Thermogenin
protein that allows movement of protons across mitochondrial membranes rather than having to generate ATP heat is still released
decreasing surface-volume ratios of cold climate species [heating technique]
what's the purpose of a species having shorter and rounder appendages
Elastin
what type of protein fiber is most abundant in wall of lungs and large arteries
no
is heat given off when sweat falls off the body?
heat is absorbed from skin and underlying blood
what happens if evaporation of sweat occurs
because they generate heat while trying to dissipate it.
why are sweating and panting active processes that require energy
the Hypothalamus
where is the vertebrate thermostat?
bottom of the brain
Where's the Hypothalamus
no thermoregulation
what happens if hypothalamus is damaged
constriction in blood vessels and increase in metabolic rate
what happens when there's cooling in the hypothalamus
dilation of blood vessels, sweating, panting
what happens when warming hypothalamus
feedforward information
Change in temperature in skin shifts the hypothalamic set point. What is that called
higher
when skin is cold, is the set point for metabolic heat production higher or lower.
fever
rise in body temperature in response to substances called pyrogens
foreign substances like bacteria and viruses
where are exogenous pyrogens from
cells of immune system in response to infection
where are endogenous pyrogens from
rise in hypothalamic set point
what's the effect of presence of a pyrogen
hypothermia
state below normal body temperature
causes of hypothermia
Starvation, extreme cold, serious illness, anesthesia
surviving periods of cold and food scarcity
what is regulated hypothermia used for
daily torpor
dropping body temperature during inactive part of night or day
humming bird
what animal uses daily torpor
hibernation
regulated hypothermia that lasts days or weeks
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