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BIO 181 Final Exam Review

Terms in this set (29)

How ions inside and outside of a neuron are involved in generating action potentials

Resting: Inside Charge of Neuron is -70 mV (polarized).
Action
Outside cell, positive Na ions

How action potential move along the axon

During action potential positively charged particles flow rapidly into the axon and then rapidly flow out.

A physical gap between two neurons that functions as the site of information transfer from one neuron to another.

Positive vs negative feedback

MOST common->Negative Feedback (results in a reversal, towards the Set Point)
LESS common->Positive Feedback (results in an amplification, further away from the Set Point)

Kinetic vs potential energy

1. Potential energy (i.e., stored energy)
-Mountain rock, chemical bond concentration gradients, charge imbalances, etc.

2. Kinetic energy (i.e., energy of movement)
-Heat is the kinetic energy of atoms
-Skateboarding down a hill, change in protein shape, etc.

Structural differences between arteries, veins, capillaries

Mechanisms that organisms utilize to maintain constant internal environment

Blood pressure vs blood velocity changes along the circulatory system

Blood pressure versus osmotic pressure at the level of capillaries

Partial pressure of a gas in the atmosphere vs blood

Importance of partial pressure of oxygen in the atmospheric area and how may affect the diffusion of oxygen at the lungs

Changes in receptor abundance in cells as a result of changes in circulating hormones

Hormones secreted by the adrenal gland

Hormones produced by the hypothalamus/anterior and posterior pituitary gland and their function

Feedback mechanisms operating with respect to hormone production, and what may happen if such feedback mechanism is not functional

Differentiate between differ ways of heat transfer between an organism and its environment

CO = (rate O2 comsumption)/(arterial O2 content-venous O2 content)

Heart rate x stroke volume

Mechanisms used in the transport O2 and CO2 in the blood

Oxygen enters the blood from the lungs and carbon dioxide is expelled out of the blood into the lungs. The blood serves to transport both gases. Oxygen is carried to the cells. Carbon dioxide is carried away from the cells.

Chemical reactions involved in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide within blood

Understand the oxygen-binding curve as it relates to the blood hemoglobin, and how this curve is affected under various circumstances (i.e., pH change, altitude change, adult vs fetal) - why does it have "sigmoidal shape" versus a "straight line" shape

Explain the different systems that different animals use to transport oxygen from their environment to their cells

The process of ventilation and how it is regulated; what is the main stimulus

Regulation of Ventilation:
Receptors within the body constantly measure the amount of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydrogen ions (pH) and signal the brain to adjust the rate and depth of respiration (Figure 1). Centers responsible for ventilatory control are the chemoreceptors, lung receptors, and specialized centers in the brainstem.

Main Stimulus: Arterial Oxygen Level
A significant decrease in the arterial oxygen content will result in an increase in the rate and depth of ventilation aimed at increasing the arterial oxygen content.

systole and diastole

Systole refers to the period during ventricular contraction when the AV valves are closed and blood is pumped out of the ventricles. During diastole, the heart is relaxed, the semilunar valves are closed, and blood from the atria fills the ventricles.

Main chemical groups of hormones; what is the difference between these groups, and how their function differs

Water Soluable (Hydrophilic)
*Amines or Amino Acid Derivatives (Histamine)
-Synthesized by decarboxylating (CO2) from ONLY 1 amino Acid
-Stored in vesicles
-STIMULUS causes release
*Peptide (Oxytocin, Insulin)
-Polymers of amino acids (3 to 300+ amino acids)
-Stored in vesicles
-STIMULUS causes release

Lipid Soluable (Hydrophobic)
*Steroid (majority) (Testosterone)
-Derived from CHOLESTEROL
-NOT stored
-Stimulus causes secretion and synthesis
*Thyroid (T3, T4)
-Synthesized by attaching Iodine to Tyrosine
-NOT stored
-Stimulus causes secretion and synthesis

Electron Flow in Glycolysis

2 PGAL's (3C) are converted to 2 pyruvates
This creates 4 ATP's and 2 NADH's
The net ATP production of Glycolysis is 2 ATP's

Chemiosmotic theory

Used to explain how ATP is produced in the electron transport chain. The energy from movement of the electrons donated by NADH and FADH2 is used to pump protons into the intermembrane space. These protons build up, creating a proton gradient. The protons move through the ATP synthase enzyme via passive transport. As each proton moves through the ATP synthase enzyme, ADP is phosphorylated producing one ATP.

Sodium Potassium Pump

higher concentration of potassium inside the cell and higher concentration of sodium outside the cell, so body wants to pump more potassium into the cell to help with muscle contractions

Action Potential

A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane.