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Gravity
Terms in this set (69)
notochord
flexible cartilaginous rod on the dorsal side that supports body, anchors internal muscles, and allows rapid, versatile movement
dorsal hollow nerve cord
develops into the nervous system, in vertebrates it differentiates into the brain and spinal cord
pharyngeal gill slits
aid in filter feeding or gas exchange
postanal tail
extends beyond the anus and provides thrust in water or balance on land
incurrent siphon (tunicate)
where water with food particles enters, connected to the pharynx
endostyle (tunicate)
secretes a mucous sheet to trap food particles
excurrent siphon (tunicate)
where water exits the body
characteristics missing in adult tunicate
these characteristics are missing in the _____; postanal tail, dorsal nerve cord, and notocord
Urochordata
subphylum of Chordata that consists of tunicates
Cephalochordata
subphylum of Chordata that consists of lancelets
cirri
cilia like tentacles that line the mouth of lancelets
myomeres
segemented body muscles of lancelets
Vertebrata
subphylum of Chordata that has more advantced features (vertebral column, cranium, endoskeleton, and joint appendages)
vertebral column
replaces the notochord during embryonic development; a bony structure which encloses and protects the dorsal nerve cord
cranium
a distinct and well differentiated head, with a skull and brain
endoskeleton
made of cartilage or bone, provides structure within the animal
cartilage and bone
specialized tissue containing fibers of protein collagen which are compacted together, strong but not brittle
joint appendages
two pairs of limbs, such as fins, wings, legs, forelimbs, etc
Myxini
a class sometimes classified in the subphylum Vertebrata, consist of hagfish
hagfish characteristics
most primitive fish, no vertebrae (maintain notochord), posses a cranium made of cartilage, secretes a huge amount of mucus for protection, jawless, lack scales
Petromyzontida
a class in the subphylum Vertebrata, consists of lampreys
characteristics of lampreys
has a vertebral column (made of cartilage), a jawless mouth, eel-like body, parasitic by sucking out body fluids
Chondrichthyes
a class in the subphylum Vertebrata, consists of sharks, skates, and rays
characteristics of Chondrichthyes
posses cartilaginous jaws and skeletons, no swim bladder, most are marine, posses tough skales
Actinopterygii
a class in the subphylum Vertebrata, consists of flatfish, perch, seahorse, sturgeon, etc
characteristics of Actinopterygii
use gills for gas exchange, posses a lateral line, posses swim bladders
lateral line
a sensory organ which detects vibrations in the water
swim bladder
maintains buoyancy and a vertical position in water
operculum
a body flap that covers delicate gills
Sarcopterygii
a class in the subphylum Vertebrata, lobe-finned fishes (lungfish and coelocanth), only 8 species still alive, posses bony skeletons and jaws
lungfish
partially use lungs to breath, thought to have given rise to land vertebrates
coelocanth
thought to be extinct for many years until 1938 when a fishing group caught one
Amphibia
a class in the subphylum Vertebrata, have free-swimming larva, dependent on water for reproduction
ectothermic
cannot regulate their body temperate independently of the environment
Reptilia
a class in the subphylum Vertebrata, first group to evolve the amniotic egg
amniotic egg
fertilized internally, allows gas exchange across the shell, protects the developing embryo from water loss
Aves
a class in the subphylum Vertebrata, capable of flight, have lightweight bones,
endothermic
regulate their internal body temperature
Mammalia
a class in the subphylum Vertebrata, have body hair, two pairs of appendages, mammary glands, internal fertilization
larynx
located at anterior end of trachea, produces sound (voicebox)
trachea
a tube with visible cartilage rings extending from larynx to the lungs, conducts air to the lungs
thymus gland
a large, lobular gland located on either side of the trachea, plays a role in developing immunity
thyroid gland
lobular gland located on either side of the trachea, just posterior to the larynx, regulates metabolism
lungs
location of gas exchange between alveoli and blood
heart
contracts to pump blood through the body
pericardial sac
protective membrous sac enclosing the heart
diaphragm
large fat muscle dividing thoracic cavity from abdominopelvic cavity, a major muscle of respiration
peritoneum
protective membranous sac enclosing organs of abdominoplevic cavity
liver
large brown organ, posterior to the diaphragm on right side of abdominal cavity; produces bile, stores glycogen, regulates glucose levels in the blood, removes toxins
gallbladder
lies underneath the liver, may appear greenish in color; stores bile and releases it to aid in digestion
bile duct
duct running between gallbladder and small intestine, transports bile
stomach
large, J-shaped organ, lies just posterior to diaphragm on left side of abdominal cavity; mixes food with gastric juices to form watery chyme and begins protein digestion
spleen
flat, elongated, reddish organ attached by mesentry to the bottom of the stomach, removes worn out red blood cells; houses large population of white blood cells
pancreas
soft mass of tissue lying between stomach and small intestine, secretes digestive enzymes for carbohydrates, proteins, fats and buffers to neutralize acidic food; secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose level
small intestine
loosely coiled tube that connects stomach to large intestine, mixes food with digestive enzymes and bile to complete digestion of food and absorb nutrients
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
components of small intestine
colon, rectum, anus
components of large intestine
large intestine
connects small intestine to outside of body via anus, absorbs water to form feces
kidneys
two large bean shaped organs behind the peritoneal membrane; produces urine to remove excess water and nitrogenous wastes from the body
ureter
tube running between kidneys and urinary bladder, transports urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
urinary bladder
sac-like organ connected to ureters, stores urine
urethra
leaves the bladder and runs parallel to the rectum, transports semen and urine to the outside of body
testes
pair of oval-shaped organs in the scrotal sac, produce sperm and secrete male sex hormones
epididymis
coiled tubules around the testes, store sperm; sperm matures here
vas deferens
tube extending from epididymis to urethra, transports sperm to urethra
ovaries
pair of small, oval shaped organs; lie deep in the abdominopelvic cavity posterior to the kidneys; produce ova and secrete female sex hormones
oviducts (fallopian tubes)
small, coiled tubes attached to each ovary, transport ova to the uterus
uterus
site of fertilization
uterine horns
begin as a continuation of the uterine tubes and unite in the midline, site of fetal development
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