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Sociology 2010 Exam 3 Textbook Vocab

Terms in this set (48)

CHAPTER 9
Family
Culture Wars
disputes over the state of American society, including the presumed decline of the family as well as "family values"
Cohabitation
Unrelated, unmarried adults in an intimate relationship sharing living quarters
Marriage Movement
Social movement that advocated traditional marriage and warns against the sexual revolution, teenage pregnancy and same-sex marriage
Family
(1) Two or more people related by birth, marriage, or adoption who share living quarters (US Census Bureau definition), or (2) members of a social group who are in an intimate, long-term, committed relationship and who share mutual expectations of rights and responsibilities
Household
All the related and unrelated people who share living quarters
Feminist perspective
A theoretical approach that emphasizes the extent to which patriarchy and sexism undermine women (and men), relationships and families
Fictive Kin
People to whom one is not related by blood, marriage, or adoption but whom one nonetheless depends
Marriage Dearth
The decline in the proportion of adult Americans who are married
Pool of eligibles
The quantity and quality of potential partners for marriage
Marriage gradient
the tendency for women to "marry up" - that is, to marry older men
Marriage squeeze
the severely imbalanced sex ratio experienced by black women in regard to potential marriage partners
Selection effect
in contrast to the experience effect, attitudes and characteristics that predispose an individual to a relationship outcome, such as divorce
Crude divorce rate
The number of divorces per population 1000
Visiting union
Unmarried parents who are romantically involved but living apart
Resilience
the ability not just to bounce back from change or troubles but to spring forward into the future
Spirituality
an underlying moral or value system, which may be in the absence of membership in a religious body or attendance at religious events
Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)
US federal law, enacted in 1996, that defines marriage as the legal union of one man and one woman for federal and interstate purposes
Civil Unions
Legal provisions that grant some or all of the legal rights of marriage to unmarried couples
CHAPTER 11
Crime
Mala in se crimes
Crimes that are illegal because they are bad in themselves or inherently wrong (Ex: murder, theft, violent assault)
Mala prohibita crimes
Crimes that are illegal because they're prohibited by law (Ex: tax fraud, gambling, drugs)
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
An official source of data on crime collected by the Federal Bureau of Investigation from police departments
Dark figure of crime
the amount of unreported or undiscovered crime, which calls into question the reliability of official crime statistics
White-collar crime
illegal acts, punishable by criminal sanctions, committed in the course of legitimate occupations or by corporations
Clearance rate
the ratio of reported cases of crime to cleared cases, calculated by dividing the number of crimes that result in arrests by the total number of crimes recorded
Transnational crime
crime that has effects across national borders
Stakeholders
all individuals who have an interest in and are affected by the workings of a given system; in the criminal justice system, stakeholders include those accused of crimes as well as those who process cases including police, attorneys, and court and correctional staff
Decentralization of power
the distribution of functions and responsibilities of police officers to different local authorities
Hot-spot policing
a method employed by police departments to track the ordered spatial patterns of crime by monitoring when crimes occur disproportionately in particular geographic areas and responding to those areas
Adjudication
the process in which a final judicial decision or sentence is made in a criminal case
Chapter 15
Science and Technology
Big Data
the large quantities of digital data produced by digital societies including data from cell phones, keystrokes, and GSP units
Sociotechnical system
a system that includes material, artifacts, human skills, and social practices defined by social norms within and organization pattern to obtain or address a goal or objective
Science
the accumulation of knowledge by specific methods within a particular culture that certifies, applies and governs what is named science
Technology
an artifact that is composed of social practices, social institutions, and systems that create and constraint it
Technoscience
a concept that encompasses the boundary between science and technology and includes all supporters detractors, and social relationships that work to eventually close the divisions between the categories of science and technology
Megamachine
a new social order composed of humans and technology that is dominated by technological rather than human needs
Social organization
the pattern of relationships between individuals and groups
Science machine
a connection between science and society that is built by a community of individuals who share a common culture
Crisis science
medical science that works in tandem with Mode 1 science and has the freedom to respond to crisis and the needs of patients faster than traditional science
Science shops
facilities hosed by universities where citizens can participate in science, ask scientific questions, and become part of the scientific process
Mode 1
a type of scientific discovery or knowledge production done by scientists in universities through the application of experimental science within distinct disciplines
Mode 2
a type of scientific discovery of knowledge production that is done by experts and non-experts working together in transdisciplinary environments to create applications that are socially responsible
Technocracy
a means of governing that is guided by rationality, expertise, and logic
Technological fix
the use of technology to solve a social problem that is nontechnical. In fixing the problem it creates another, because the underlying social issue is still present and has been isolated from the social context
Industrialized science
science that is done on the large scale for profit
Landraces
local varieties of seeds that have been domesticated by communities over time and have adapted to local cultural and environmental needs
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