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Biology 121 Chapter 7

Terms in this set (47)

Prior to the publication of Charles Darwin's book, On the Origin of Species, what was the prevailing public consensus regarding species evolution?
A. That species were permanent and unchanging
B. That species evolved through physical changes that led to success
C. That species were modified over time, but did not change into new species
D. That species evolved by means of natural selection
A. That species were permanent and unchanging
What prompted Darwin to publish his book decades after he began writing it?
A. After years of searching, he finally found a publisher willing to accept it.
B. He had returned from his voyage around the world.
C. He had completed the last of his experiments.
D. A colleague was about to publish a similar manuscript
D. A colleague was about to publish a similar manuscript
Some researchers have proposed that the human population was reduced to fewer than 10,000 individuals as a result of a catastrophic event that occurred about 50,000 years ago, and that all modern humans are descendants of this small population. If this proposal is true, it would be an example of __________.
A. microevolution
B. genetic flow
C. the bottleneck effect
D. genetic drift
C. Bottleneck Effect
Which two observations led Darwin to conclude that there is competition for survival?
A. Overproduction and limited resources
B. Fossils and mutations
C. Natural selection and descent with modification
D. Variability and heritability
A. overproduction and limited resources
Others had suggested mechanisms for evolution before Darwin published his work. By what means did Darwin propose species evolved over time?
A. Natural selection
B. Passing on acquired traits
C. Survival of the strongest
D. Overproduction of young
A. Natural selection
Individuals with variations that make them best suited to their environment will, on average, be more likely to ________.
A. survive and reproduce
B. change over time
C. be larger
D. evolve
A. survive and reproduce
Why or why is it not accurate to say that individuals evolve?
A. It is not accurate because individuals do not change over time in a way that can be passed on to the next generation.
B. It is not accurate because the evolution of one individual would not affect the entire species.
C. It is accurate because they are the ones that mechanisms of evolution act upon.
D. It is accurate because they are the smallest unit of the hierarchical order that changes over time.
B. It is not accurate because the evolution of one individual would not affect the entire species.
Can you inherit physical traits that your parents acquired during their lifetime?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Only if it improves survivability
D. Only if it improves reproductive success
B. no
Why is it inaccurate to say that humans are the most highly evolved species?
A. Evolution is not goal oriented. It only acts in response to the present situation.
B. All species, not just people, are equally "evolved" to fit their particular environment.
C. Both of these are true.
D. Neither of these are true. Humans, the smartest of all species, are the most highly evolved.
C. both of these are true
What is radiometric dating?
A. The process of determining the age of the fossils based on which layer in the rock it is found
B. The mineralization process by which living things are turned into fossils
C. The process of determining the age of the fossils using radio waves
D. The process of determining the age of the fossils from radioactive isotopes
D. The process of determining the age of the fossils from radioactive isotopes
The older fossils are typically found in the ________ sediments.
A. lower
B. finer
C. upper
D. coarser
A. Lower
Have fossils of transitional forms been found?
A. Yes, but only one.
B. No, none have ever been found.
C. Yes, many have been found.
C. yes, many have been found
Which of the following are considered to be fossils?
A. Animals frozen in ice or preserved in amber
B. Footprints or other impressions preserved in stone
C. Mineralized bones
D. All of these
D. All of these
What is the name for the study of the geographic distribution of species?
A. Taxonomy
B. Biogeography
C. Ecology
D. Systematics
B. Biogeography
Comparing the body structures of organisms to find evidence of a shared evolutionary history is called ________.
A. analogous reconstruction
B. relativistic physiology
C. comparative anatomy
D. outgrouping
C. comparative anatomy
Comparing DNA and protein sequences to find evidence of a shared evolutionary history is called ________.
A. bioinformatics
B. genomics
C. proteomics
D. differential relatedness
A. bioinformatics
Although modified to perform a different task, a horse's front leg is made up of the same bones as is your arm. This suggests a common ancestor between horses and humans that also had those bones in its forelimb. The horse leg and human arm are therefore considered to be ________ structures.
A. autologous
B. homologous
C. analogous
D. heterologous
B. homologous
The modern evolutionary synthesis of the 1930s and 1940s melded together evolutionary theory with ________.
A. chemistry
B. sociology
C. psychology
D. genetics
D. genetics
What is the original source of variation?
A. Genetic drift
B. Mutation
C. Gene flow
D. Natural selection
B. mutation
Why are animals more likely than plants to form new species while still in the presence of the parent population?
A. They can survive with multiple sets of chromosomes.
B. They have more isolating behaviors.
C. Both of these are why animals are more likely than plants to form new species in this situation.
D. Neither of these. Plants are more likely than animals to form new species in this situation.
D. Neither of these. Plants are more likely than animals to form new species in this situation.
What defines a population?
A. Multiple species interacting together
B. Interbreeding members of the same species
C. Members of the same group that share a common ancestor
D. Members of a single species
B. interbreeding members of the same species
What is the smallest unit that can evolve?
A. The population
B. The cell
C. The individual
D. The community
A. the population
What does "fitness" mean when speaking in terms of evolution?
A. The size and diversity of the gene pool
B. Level of overall health of the individual
C. How many offspring an individual produces
D. Level of overall health of the population
C. How many offspring an individual produces
What events can lead to offspring having a unique arrangement of their parents' genes?
A. Crossing over
B. Independent assortment
C. Both of these
D. Neither of these
C. both of these
The varieties of species found on the different Galapagos Islands is most likely an example of which form of speciation?
A. Allopatric
B. Sympatric
C. Parapatric
D. Disruptive
A. allopatric
Which of the following might be a cause of sympatric speciation?
A. Genetic drift
B. Habitat isolation
C. Genetic incompatibility
D. Gene flow
C. Genetic incompatibility
Which model of evolution is closest to what was originally suggested by Charles Darwin?
A. Punctuated equilibrium model
B. Spatial model
C. Graduated model
D. Symmetric model
C. Graduated model
Which process of evolution does not change the total number of species?
A. Macroevolution
B. Branching evolution
C. Nonbranching evolution
D. Extinction
C. Nonbranching evolution
Another word for macroevolution is ________.
A. variation
B. speciation
C. mutation
D. extinction
B. speciation
What is the leading hypothesis for what might have brought about the extinction of the dinosaurs?
A. A new disease
B. Massive volcano eruptions
C. Competition from mammals
D. An asteroid impact
D. An asteroid impact
During which geological era did life first appear on the planet?
A. Mesozoic
B. Cenozoic
C. Precambrian
D. Paleozoic
C. Precambrian
What defines a geological time period known as an era?
A. The eras represent equal divisions of time
B. Location of the continents
C. The distinct life-forms that were present
D. Average global temperature
C. The distinct life-forms that were present
The slow drifting of sections of the earth's crust, sometimes separating, other times colliding, is known as ________.
A. plate tectonics
B. continental convergence
C. crust dynamics
D. continental divergence
A. Plate tectonics
The rapid diversification of species seen in the fossil record followed by long periods of stasis is part of the ________ model of evolution.
A. symmetric
B. graduated
C. punctuated equilibrium
D. spatial
C. punctuated equilibrium
What is an exception to the standard biological species concept used to define a species?
A. Species that do not resemble one another cannot be distinguished using the concept.
B. Natural interbreeding populations cannot be distinguished using the concept.
C. Species that coevolved cannot be distinguished using the concept.
D. Asexual species cannot be distinguished using the concept.
D. Asexual species cannot be distinguished using the concept.
What is the term that defines when the sperm of one species fails to fertilize the egg of a different species?
A. Mechanical incompatibility
B. Temporal incompatibility
C. Gametic incompatibility
D. Hybrid inviability
C. Gametic incompatibility
Which would be a postzygotic barrier to reproduction?
A. Hybrid weakness
B. Habitat isolation
C. Mating time differences
D. Behavioral isolation
A. Hybrid weakness
In many ways a mule is a superior animal to the horse or donkey. They are often stronger and can jump higher than either of their parents. Why then are they considered to be a "weak hybrid"?
A. They do not live as long.
B. They are sterile.
C. Their offspring are progressively weaker.
D. They are more prone to disease
B. They are sterile
Which classification grouping includes the greatest number of species?
A. Phylum
B. Domain
C. Order
D. Kingdom
B. Domain
Which grouping immediately follows Order in the classification hierarchy?
A. Genus
B. Class
C. Phylum
D. Family
D. Family
Of those listed below, which category of classification is the most narrow?
A. Class
B. Genus
C. Family
D. Domain
B. Genus
All prokaryotes are in the domain ________.
A. Eukarya
B. Prokarya
C. Bacteria
D. Prokaryotes are in two different domains
D. Prokaryotes are in two different domains
Which grouping includes all of the protists?
A. Kingdom Animalia
B. Kingdom Plantae
C. Domain Archaea
D. Domain Eukarya
D. Domain Eukarya
What field of science has as its goal to classify all living things into a hierarchical system of relatedness that runs from most broad to most narrow?
A. Phylogenetics
B. Evolution
C. Cladistics
D. Taxonomy
D. Taxonomy
Some of the "branches" of a phylogenetic tree do not extend to the end. What do these lines represent?
A. Convergent species
B. Lineages that have not changed
C. Species of unknown origin
D. Extinct species
D. Extinct species
A requirement of cladistics is that a grouping must include ________.
A. a common ancestor and all its descendants
B. only living species
C. species that can interbreed
D. species with shared traits
A. a common ancestor and all its descendants
A cladistics grouping with a shared common ancestor is called ________.
A. an ingroup
B. a common group
C. a royal group
D. an outgroup
A. an ingroup
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