Psychology Chapter 14 and 15

Terms in this set (47)

psychotherapy
techniques employed to improve psychological function psychological functioning and promote adjustment to life, over 400 approaches to professional therapy, 3 categories: talk therapies, behavior therapies and biomedical therapies
talk therapies
psychoanalysis (Freud), psychodynamic therapy, humanistic (client centered therapy with Rogers), cognitive (rational emotive behavior therapy with Ellis or cognitive behavior therapy with Beck)
behavior therapies
classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning
biomedical therapies
psychopharmacology, electroconvulsive therapy or psychosurgery
psychoanalysis
a person's psyche or mind is analyzed (Freud's belief that abnormal behavior is caused by unconscious conflicts among the three parts of the psyche id, ego and superego), Freudian therapy designed to bring unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness; also Freud's theoretical school of thought
free association
According to Freud, when you let your mind wander and remove conscious censorship over thoughts interesting and even bizarre connections seem to spring into awareness, Freud believed that the first thing to come to a person's mind is often an important clue to what the person's unconscious wants to conceal, patient reclined on a couch
manifest content
according to Freudian dream therapy, a therapist might interpret a dream of riding a horse or driving a car (surface description)
latent content
desire for or concern about sexual intercourse (hidden or underlying meaning)
transference
during psychoanalysis, patients disclose intimate feelings and memories and the relationship between the therapist and patient may become complex and emotionally charged, as a result patients often apply (or transfer) some of their unresolved emotions and attitudes from past relationships onto the therapist, the therapist uses this process to help the patient "relive" painful past relationships in a safe, therapeutic setting so that he or she can move on to healthier relationships
interpretation
the core of all psychoanalytic therapy, during free association, dream analysis, resistance, and transference, the analysts listens closely and tries to find patterns and hidden conflicts, at the right time, the therapist explains (or interprets) the underlying meanings to the client
interpersonal therapy
focuses on current relationships with the goal of relieving immediate symptoms and teaching better ways to solve future interpersonal problems
psychodynamic therapy
a briefer, more directive contemporary form of psychoanalysis, focusing more on conscious processes and current problems, the patient is treated face to face (rather than on a couch) and the therapist takes a more directive approach (rather than waiting for unconscious memories and desires to slowly be uncovered)
humanistic therapy
therapy that seeks to maximize personal growth through affective restructuring (emotional readjustment), assumes that people with problems are suffering from a disruption of their normal growth potential and hence, their self concept, when obstacles are removed, the individual is free to become the self accepting, genuine person everyone is capable of being (CARL ROGERS)
client centered therapy
Carl Rogers approach that encourages people to actualize their potential and to relate to others in genuine ways, explores thoughts and feelings as a way to obtain insight into the causes for behaviors, the focus is on providing an accepting atmosphere and encouraging healthy emotional experiences, clients are responsible for discovering their own maladaptive patterns, focus on empathy, unconditional positive regard, genuineness and active listening
empathy
a sensitive understanding and sharing of another person's inner experience, therapists pay close attention to body language and listen for subtle clues to help them understand the emotional experiences of clients, therapists offer open ended statements to help their clients explore their feelings "You found that upsetting"
unconditioned positive regard
whatever the client's problems or behaviors, humanistic therapists offer _____, a genuine and nonjudgmental attitude toward people based on their innate values as individuals
genuineness
humanists believe that when therapists use ____ and honestly share their thoughts and feelings with their clients, their clients will in turn develop self trust and honest self expression
active listening
involves reflecting, paraphrasing, and clarifying what the client is saying, the clinician communicates that he or she is genuinely interested and paying close attention (reflect, paraphrase, clarify)
cognitive therapy
therapy that focuses on changing faulty thought processes and beliefs to treat problem behaviors, assumes that faulty thought processes-beliefs that are irrational, overly demanding or that fail to match reality-create problem behaviors and emotions, negative self talk is most important (Albert Ellis)
negative self talk
unrealistic things a person tells himself or herself
cognitive restructuring
a process that gives insight that allows clients to challenge their thoughts, change how they interpret events and modify maladaptive behaviors
rational emotive behavior therapy
Albert Ellis suggested that irrational behaviors are the primary culprit in problem emotions and behaviors, he proposed that most people mistakenly believe they are happy or upset because of external, outside events, he suggested that these negative emotions result from faulty interpretations and irrational beliefs, to deal with these irrational beliefs, Ellis developed ____ A (activating event) B (person's belief system) C (emotional and behavioral consequences) and D (disputing irrational beliefs) , helps clients identify ABCs underlying irrational belief by actively arguing, and teasing them, create new beliefs and change maladaptive emotions
cognitive behavior therapy
Aaron Beck believes that psychological problems result from illogical thinking and destructive self talk, but Beck seeks to directly confront and change the behaviors associated with destructive cognitions, his therapy is designed to reduce both self destructive thoughts and self destructive behaviors
behavior therapy
A group of techniques based on learning principles that is used to change maladaptive behaviors, focus on problem behavior and not any underlying causes, feelings not emphasized
systematic desensitization
to treat phobias, which begins with relaxation training, followed by imagining or directly experiencing various versions of a feared object or situation while remaining deeply relaxed
aversion therapy
contrast to systematic desensitization, uses classical conditioning techniques to create anxiety rather than extinguish it, people who engage in excessive drinking and aversion therapy will provide negative associations to compete with pleasurable ones
shaping
one operant conditioning technique for eventually bringing about a desired (or target) behavior is _____, or providing rewards for successive approximations of the target behavior
modeling therapy
a learning technique in which the subject watches and imitates models who demonstrate desirable behaviors, watch non phobic people handle snakes
biomedical therapy
using physiological interventions (drugs, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery) to reduce or alleviate symptoms of psychological disorders, psychiatrists, chemical imbalances or disturbed nervous symptom functioning
psychopharmacology
the study of drug effects on the mind and behavior, correct chemical imbalances
anti anxiety drugs
minor tranquilizers, Ativan, halcion, librum, restoril, valium, Xanax, lower the sympathetic activity of the brain-the crisis mode of operation-so that anxiety is diminished and the person is calmer and less tense, can be dangerous because they reduce alertness, coordination and reaction time, can have an intensifying effect with other drugs which can lead to severe drug reactions or death
antipsychotic drugs
neuroleptic, clozaril, Haldol, mellaril, navane, prolixin, Risperdal, Seroquel, thorazine, reduce the agitated behaviors, hallucinations, delusions, and other symptoms associated with psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, work by decreasing activity at the dopamine receptors in the brain, a large majority of patients improve when treated with these
mood stabilizer drugs
lithium, eskalith CR, lithobid, tegretol, help steady mood swigs of those suffering from bipolar disorder, because lithium acts relatively slowly it can take 3 or 4 weeks before it takes effect and its primary use is in preventing future episodes and helping break the manic depressive cycle
antidepressant drugs
anafranil, celexa, Cymbalta, Effexor, Elavil, nardil, norprami, parnate, paxil, Prozac, tofranil, Wellbutrin, Zoloft, used to treat people with depression, but also effective for some anxiety and eating disorders, five types of antidepressant drugs: tricyclic, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, selective serotonin inhibitors, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and atypical antidepressants, each class of drugs affects neurochemical pathways in the brain in slightly different ways, increasing or decreasing the availability of certain chemicals, SSRIs (Paxil and Prozac) are the most commonly prescribed, atypical antidepressants are prescribed to patients who fail to respond or experience undesirable side effects to the other antidepressants
electroconvulsive therapy
electroshock therapy, a moderate electrical current is passed through the brain between two electrodes placed on the outside of the head, the current triggers a widespread firing of neurons or convulsions, the convulsions produce many changes in the central and peripheral nervous system, including activation of the autonomic nervous system, increased secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters and changes in the blood brain barrier
psychosurgery
operative procedures on the brain designed to relieve severe mental symptoms that have not responded to other forms of treatment
lobotomy
cutting of the nerve fibers between the frontal lobes (where association areas for monitoring and planning behaviors are found) and the thalamus and hypothalamus
deep brain stimulation
surgeon drills two tiny holes into the patient's skull and implants electrodes in the area of the brain believed to be associated with a specific disorder, electrodes are connected to a "pacemaker" implanted in the chest or stomach that sends low voltage electricity to the problem areas in the brain
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
deliver a brief (but powerful) electric current through a coil of wire on the head, creates a strong magnetic field that is applied to certain areas in the brain, treats depression
eclectic approach
clinicians who regularly borrow freely from various theories
group therapy
a form of therapy in which a number of people meet together to work toward therapeutic goals
self help group
a variation of group therapy, a professional does not guide this group, groups of people who share a common problem who meet to give and receive support
family therapy
treatment to change maladaptive interaction patterns within a family, all members of the family attend therapy sessions
telehealth
people receive advice and professional therapy in electronic formats, intent, email, virtual reality and interactive web based conference systems, allows clinicians to reach more clients and provide them with greater access to information regarding their specific problems
Asch conformity
Solomon Asch experiment where six of the seven patients were confederates of the experiment (they were working with the experimenter and purposely gave wrong answers). Their incorrect answers tested the participant's degree of ____ or the act of changing behavior as a result of real or imagined group pressure. More than 1/3 conformed and agreed with the group's obviously incorrect choice.
Zimbardo Prison Experiment
How do the roles that we play within groups affect our behavior? Philip Zimbardo, 24 carefully screened young college men were paid $15 a day for participating in a two week simulation of prison life. Some were assigned roles of guards and others prisoners. They abused their power and some students became so absorbed in their roles that they forgot that they were students in a study. This demonstrates deindividualization. This means that you feel less self conscious, less inhibited and less personally responsible as a member of a group than when you're alone. This study shows how the demands of roles and situations could produce dramatic changes in behavior in just a few days.
Milgram Obedience
Stanley Milgram studied whether the participants would obey (the act of following a direct command, usually from an authoritative figure) the experimenter's prompts and commands to shock another human being.
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