14th Amendment
gave blacks the right of citizenship in America.
Police Power
power of each state to protect and promote health, safety, and welfare of the public.
Due Process
government must act fairly and in accord with established rules.
Griswold v. Connecticut
Supreme Court struck down law that outlawed use of contraceptives.
Supreme Court ruled it violated 14th Amend. due process clause (state can't take away basic liberties).
Supreme Court ruled it violated 14th Amend. due process clause (state can't take away basic liberties).
Roe v. Wade
Supreme Court held that right to privacy encompassed a woman's decision to terminate pregnancy in 1st trimester.
Abortion Regulation
state may regulate in 2nd trimester or prohibit in 3rd trimester unless it endangers the life or health of the mother based on state's right to protect health of the woman.
2nd Amendment
protects the right to keep and bear arms.
4th Amendment
protects citizens from unreasonable search and seizure.
Exclusionary Rule
evidence from unlawful search can't be used in a court of law.
Mapp v. Ohio
exclusionary rule applied to state courts as well as federal courts.
Police looked for gambling evidence, found none, did find dirty books.
Police had no warrant and Supreme Court overturned conviction.
Police looked for gambling evidence, found none, did find dirty books.
Police had no warrant and Supreme Court overturned conviction.
Search Warrant
a court order authorizing a search.
Probable Cause
reasonable grounds to suspect crime has taken place-this is necessary to obtain a search warrant.
Search Warrant Exceptions
#1. when evidence is in "plain view"
#2. automobiles
#3. search during a lawful arrest
#2. automobiles
#3. search during a lawful arrest
Random Drug Testing of Student Athletes
SC also upheld drug testing of student athletes and anyone involved in extracurricular activities.
5th Amendment
government cannot deprive you of life, liberty or property without due process of law.
Double Jeopardy
can't be tried for the same crime twice unless it violates both state and federal laws.
Miranda v. Arizona
Miranda confessed to kidnapping and rape, but wasn't informed of his right to remain silent.
His conviction was overturned.
He was retried without his confession.
He was still convicted.
His conviction was overturned.
He was retried without his confession.
He was still convicted.
6th Amendment
the right to a speedy trial, a public trial, to be judged by an impartial jury, to be notified of the nature and circumstances of the alleged crime, to confront witnesses who will testify against the accused, to find witnesses who will speak in favor of the accused, & to have a lawyer.
Gideon v. Wainwright
states must appoint attorney for poor felony defendants.
Many states have public defenders or appoint private attorneys for the poor.
Many states have public defenders or appoint private attorneys for the poor.
Impartial Jury
A jury of people who have no prior knowledge or preconceived notions about the guilt or innocence of a defendant.
Sheppard v. Maxwell
Supreme Court ruled that Cleveland press had cause unfair publicity against Sam Sheppard in his murder case.
Sheppard was granted a new trial with new rules that limited the press to a small extent
Sheppard was granted a new trial with new rules that limited the press to a small extent
8th Amendment
prohibits excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment.
Bail
a sum of money that the accused may be required to post as a guarantee that he or she will appear in court at the proper time.
Death Penalty
The punishment of execution, administered to someone convicted of a capital crime.