Adam Smith (1723 1790)
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Terms in this set (87)
Adam Smith (1723 1790)
economist, each person is trying to maximize their utility market is driven by free markets gives idea of egoism
Aristotle (384 322 BC)
virtue ethics. gave a formula for virtue ethics--virtue is the mean between two extremes, ex: recklessness + cowardness= courage. Virtue and morals are learned by training and experience. intellectual virtue- mastered in the classroom,(reading, math, problem solving.) And practical virtue- learned in the school of life.
Bertrand Russell (1872-1970)
believed that religion creates intolerance, scandals, etc. Believed that you could have morality without religion. religion created more bad than good.
Carol Gilligan (1936)
laid the groundwork for feminist ethics
Thomas Hobbes
SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY; In man's "state of nature," be believed life to be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." Wrote Leviathan.
David Hume
1776, imperial philosopher. A critic of religion. Claimed that God was an immoral tyrant and his views were constantly changing. And also that religious views can make us hypocrites and go in contrast of morality
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
prussia, professor of many subjects. Known for his contributions to DEONTOLOGY and CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE.Kant adopted and changed Pufendorf's theories. Kant changed Duty to God--said it was not morally relevant (only religiously). Kant reduced it to human morals and duties morality is categorical imperative (ethical)--apply to all; based on DUTY
Lawrence Kohlberg
6 stages of morality. Based on Justice. His studies were based on white males. Major criticism: his theory was too justice-based. Gilligan's FEMINIST/CARE ethical theory was established in RESPONSE to Kohlberg's. (In other words, Kohlberg's ethics ARE NOT care ethics.)
J. S. Mill (1806-1873)
UTILITARIAN (NOT HEDONISTIC). Believed happiness should be based on more than just hedonistic pleasures; established the "greatest happiness principle"; argued against Bentham's hedonistic calculus. The intensity of the benefit is the best choice (large benefit for smallest number of people)
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
argued that our aim should be the greatest good for the greatest number, used a "Hedonistic calculus" to determine what decisions were the best. Punishments should be equally opposite to the act Calculus:: Intensity, duration, certainty, nearness, fruitfullness, purity, extent.