Psych / Soc Class 5

Terms in this set (33)

our evaluation on a scale from positive to negative, of other people, things
BASED ON: Affect, Behavior, Cognition (ABCs)
-formed from past and present experiences and have an important impact on behavior

our thoughts and beliefs about the person, object, or events

our feelings about the person, object, or event

our internal and external responses to the person, object, or event

situations in which ATTITUDE better predicts BEHAVIOR

-social influences are reduced
-attitudes are better at predicting OVERALL decision making rather than specific behaviors (principle of aggregation)
-self-reflection; when given time to self-reflect, we are more likely to act based on our attitudes rather than impulsively

situations in which BEHAVIORS are more likely to influence ATTITUDE

-Role playing
-public declaration
-justification of effort; we tend to attribute a greater value to an outcome that we had to put more effort into acquiring or achieving

cognitive dissonance

we feel tension whenever we old two thoughts or beliefs ("cognition") that are incompatible

-when attitudes and behaviors don't match

-in order to reduce this unpleasant feeling, we make our views of the world match how we feel or what we've done

ex.) choosing a passionate mate vs. dependable mate

the point is that AFTER we made the decision of our mate, we tend to align ourselves with a belief (passion vs stability) AFTER we make the decision IN ORDER to alleviate the tension of what we turned down (ex. passion is fleeting if you chose stability)

the awareness that we have ourselves, our internal states, and the environment

reticular activating system

part of the brain that controls alertness and arousal

circadian rhythms

biological clock that controls the increases and decreases in our alertness in predictable ways over a 24-hour cycle

abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep

inability to fall or remain asleep; persistent problem that can stem from chronic stress; most commonly reported sleep disorder

periodic, overwhelming sleepiness during waking periods (usually less than 5 min) but can be extremely dangerous

intermittent cessation of breathing during sleep;
can deprive suffers of deep sleep

abnormal behaviors that occur during sleep

sleep-walking; tends to happen during stage 3 slow wave sleep usually during the first third of the night;
most children eventually grow out of it

usually occurs during stage 3; person may sit up or walk around and be terrified but it is not recalled the next morning

NOTE: this is NOT like nightmares, which occur during REM sleep

EEG: theta waves

EOG: slow rolling eye movements

EMG: moderate activity

Characteristics: fleeting thoughts; NON-Rem sleep

EEG: sleep spindle + K-complex

EOG: NO eye movement

EMG: moderate activity

Characteristics: increased relaxation, decreased temp, HR, respiration

stage 3&4 sleep

EEG: delta waves (slow waves)
EOG: no eye movements
EMG: moderate activity
Characteristics: heart and digestion slow; growth hormones secreted; deepest level of sleep

EEG: similar to beta waves (waves in awake people) but more jagged
EOG: bursts of quick eye movements (REM)
EMG: almost no activity ("paradoxical sleep")
Characteristics: when dreams occur

mech: depresses CNS, especially sympathetic NS

effects: impaired motor function

examples: alcohol, barbiturates (anesthesia), opiates (morphine, codeine)

mech: increases release of NT, inhibits re-uptake, or both

effects: speeds up body functions, pupil dilation, rush followed by crash

examples: caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, ampletamines

mech: distorts perceptions in the absence of sensory input

effects: hallucinations, impaired judgement; slowed reaction time

examples: LSD, marijuana

psychological dependence

when a drug becomes central to a person's thoughts, emotions and activities

demonstrated by a strong urge to use the drug, despite harmful effects

physical dependence

demonstrated by withdrawal symptoms when the drug is not consumed

the person DEPENDS on the drug to AVOID withdrawal symptoms and to function normally

often follows heavy used fairly over several weeks or longer

compulsive drug use despite harmful consequences and is characterized by an inability to stop using a drug, failure to meet work, etc obligations; sometimes has tolerance and withdrawal

three components of emotion

physiological- (bodily) physiological arousal or excitation of body's internal state
behavioral- (action) includes our expressive behaviors that accompany emotion
cognitive- (mental) includes our appraisal and interpretation of the situation

interpretation of the physiological response causes emotion

ex.) see bear-> HR increases -> I interpret HR increasing as fear

emotion comes from INDEPENDENT and SIMULTANEOUS events of physiological response and emotion

ex.) see bear -> fear; accompanied by sweating and HR elevation

-HR not needed to ID emotion

Schachter-Singer

emotion comes from identifying the REASON for the physiological response AND the emotion itself
ex.) I feel fear because my HR is up and I see the bear

anything that poses a threat or challenge to our physical or mental well-being

universal emotions

1. happiness
2. sadness
3. fear
4. disgust
5. anger
(inside out)
6. surprise

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