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Psych / Soc Class 5
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Terms in this set (33)
attitude
our evaluation on a scale from positive to negative, of other people, things
BASED ON: Affect, Behavior, Cognition (ABCs)
-formed from past and present experiences and have an important impact on behavior
cognition
our thoughts and beliefs about the person, object, or events
affect
our feelings about the person, object, or event
behavior
our internal and external responses to the person, object, or event
situations in which ATTITUDE better predicts BEHAVIOR
-social influences are reduced
-attitudes are better at predicting OVERALL decision making rather than specific behaviors (principle of aggregation)
-self-reflection; when given time to self-reflect, we are more likely to act based on our attitudes rather than impulsively
situations in which BEHAVIORS are more likely to influence ATTITUDE
-Role playing
-public declaration
-justification of effort; we tend to attribute a greater value to an outcome that we had to put more effort into acquiring or achieving
cognitive dissonance
we feel tension whenever we old two thoughts or beliefs ("cognition") that are incompatible
-when attitudes and behaviors don't match
-in order to reduce this unpleasant feeling, we make our views of the world match how we feel or what we've done
ex.) choosing a passionate mate vs. dependable mate
the point is that AFTER we made the decision of our mate, we tend to align ourselves with a belief (passion vs stability) AFTER we make the decision IN ORDER to alleviate the tension of what we turned down (ex. passion is fleeting if you chose stability)
consciousness
the awareness that we have ourselves, our internal states, and the environment
reticular activating system
part of the brain that controls alertness and arousal
circadian rhythms
biological clock that controls the increases and decreases in our alertness in predictable ways over a 24-hour cycle
dyssomnias
abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep
insomnia
inability to fall or remain asleep; persistent problem that can stem from chronic stress; most commonly reported sleep disorder
narcolepsy
periodic, overwhelming sleepiness during waking periods (usually less than 5 min) but can be extremely dangerous
sleep apnea
intermittent cessation of breathing during sleep;
can deprive suffers of deep sleep
parasomnias
abnormal behaviors that occur during sleep
somnabulism
sleep-walking; tends to happen during stage 3 slow wave sleep usually during the first third of the night;
most children eventually grow out of it
night terrors
usually occurs during stage 3; person may sit up or walk around and be terrified but it is not recalled the next morning
NOTE: this is NOT like nightmares, which occur during REM sleep
stage 1 sleep
EEG: theta waves
EOG: slow rolling eye movements
EMG: moderate activity
Characteristics: fleeting thoughts; NON-Rem sleep
stage 2 sleep
EEG: sleep spindle + K-complex
EOG: NO eye movement
EMG: moderate activity
Characteristics: increased relaxation, decreased temp, HR, respiration
stage 3&4 sleep
EEG: delta waves (slow waves)
EOG: no eye movements
EMG: moderate activity
Characteristics: heart and digestion slow; growth hormones secreted; deepest level of sleep
REM
EEG: similar to beta waves (waves in awake people) but more jagged
EOG: bursts of quick eye movements (REM)
EMG: almost no activity ("paradoxical sleep")
Characteristics: when dreams occur
depressants
mech: depresses CNS, especially sympathetic NS
effects: impaired motor function
examples: alcohol, barbiturates (anesthesia), opiates (morphine, codeine)
stimulants
mech: increases release of NT, inhibits re-uptake, or both
effects: speeds up body functions, pupil dilation, rush followed by crash
examples: caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, ampletamines
hallucinogens
mech: distorts perceptions in the absence of sensory input
effects: hallucinations, impaired judgement; slowed reaction time
examples: LSD, marijuana
psychological dependence
when a drug becomes central to a person's thoughts, emotions and activities
demonstrated by a strong urge to use the drug, despite harmful effects
physical dependence
demonstrated by withdrawal symptoms when the drug is not consumed
the person DEPENDS on the drug to AVOID withdrawal symptoms and to function normally
often follows heavy used fairly over several weeks or longer
addiction
compulsive drug use despite harmful consequences and is characterized by an inability to stop using a drug, failure to meet work, etc obligations; sometimes has tolerance and withdrawal
three components of emotion
physiological- (bodily) physiological arousal or excitation of body's internal state
behavioral- (action) includes our expressive behaviors that accompany emotion
cognitive- (mental) includes our appraisal and interpretation of the situation
James-Lange
interpretation of the physiological response causes emotion
ex.) see bear-> HR increases -> I interpret HR increasing as fear
Cannon-Bard
emotion comes from INDEPENDENT and SIMULTANEOUS events of physiological response and emotion
ex.) see bear -> fear; accompanied by sweating and HR elevation
-HR not needed to ID emotion
Schachter-Singer
emotion comes from identifying the REASON for the physiological response AND the emotion itself
ex.) I feel fear because my HR is up and I see the bear
stress
anything that poses a threat or challenge to our physical or mental well-being
universal emotions
1. happiness
2. sadness
3. fear
4. disgust
5. anger
(inside out)
6. surprise
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