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Minerals

Terms in this set (51)

What constitutes a Macromineral? What are some examples?
>100ppm in the diet
Ex: Na, K, Ca, P, Cl, Mg, S
Name the Anion Macrominerals.
Cl-, I-, PO4-
What is the "essentiality" of a macromineral based on?
1. Presence in all healthy tissue of living things
2. Concentration is constant in different animals
3. Specific disease/abnormality caused by deficiency
4. Abnormality/disease cured by adding deficient mineral
How can mineral essentiality be tested?
1. using deficient diets, free of a mineral
2. using depleted diets, antagonist initiates a deficiency (Zn antagonizes Cu)
What are some general functions of macrominerals?
1. Prosthetic groups in chelated form
2. Osmosis
3. Structural
4. Electrolte, acid/base, or cat/anion balance
What two macrominerals serve as major structural elements?
Calcium and phosphorus
What is the most abundant mineral in the body?
Calcium!
What proportion of the body's Ca and P are in bones and teeth?
99% of Ca
80% of P
What is the Mineral profile of bone?
36% Ca
17% P
10% Mg
Where are Calcium and Phosphorus absorbed?
In the duodenum of the SI
What factors do Ca/P absorption depend on?
1. The source
2. The Ca:P ratio
3. pH - low is ideal
4. Presence of VitD
What Ca:P ratio is best?
1:1 to 2:1
Exceptions are 3:1 in dairy cattle
and 5 to 7:1 in laying hens
What sources of Ca-P are there?
1. Plants- seeds have lots of P, Leaves have high Ca, Phytate clings to P
2. Animal- bone products, P>Ca, 100% available
3. Inorganic- Ca2PO4, NaPO4, CaCO3, 100% availability
What compounds intervene with Ca-P absorption?
fats and fluorine reduce availability or cause toxicity
What are the functions of Ca?
1. Skeleton/teeth
2. Muscle contraction
3. Nerve Function
4. Blood Clotting
5. Egg shell quality
What agents regulate the distribution of Ca?
1. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)- raises blood Ca by boosting mobilization, absorption, and reabsorption
2. VitD- same as PTH
3. Calcitonin (CT)- lowers blood Ca, raises bone deposits
What does a Calcium deficiency entail?
Like VitD...
1. poor bone formation- rickets, osteomalacia
2. soft shells, beaks, bones
3. milk fever
Causes of Milk fever
1. High Ca/P requirement for colostrum
2. plasma estrogen activity
3. Low absorption from GIT
4. Delayed stimulation of Ca release hormones
5. High demand in milk/colostrum
Symptoms of Milk fever
-recumbancy
-dilated pupils
-anorexia
-drop in temperature
-death
Treatment for milk fever
IV injection of Calcium salts like CaCl2, Ca-lactate, Ca-gluconate
Prevention of Milk fever
1. switch to low Ca diet 14 days before calving
2. High VitD dose injection 5 days before calving
Functions of Phosphorous (more than any other)
1. skeleton/teeth
2. acid/base imbalance
3. energy metabolism (carb, lipid, protein)
4. Muscle contraction, metabolite transport
5. Skin/membrane structure
6. Nucleic acid structure
Signs of Phosphorous deficiency (similar to Ca or VitD deficiency).
1. Ovarian dysfinction- low repro performance
2. Poor growth- rickets/osteomalacia, stiff joints, muscular weakness
3. PICA- depraved appetite
Signs of Phosphorous toxicity (unlikely)
1. hyperparathyroidism (if Ca:P is high)
2. Urolithiasis-mineral deposits in bladder
3. Excess P output, causing water pollution
What proportion of plasma cations is sodium, and what proportion of the body's sodium is stored in the bones?
90% and 1/3
What can cause a deficiency in sodium?
1. vomiting
2. profuse sweating
3. diarrhea
What hormone controls plasma sodium?
Aldosterone- causes re-absorption in kidney
What are the functions of sodium?
1. main extracellular cation
2. acid/base balance and pH regulation
3. reg body fluid volume
4. muscle contraction
5. nerve transmission
6. active absorption of nutrients
Signs of sodium deficiency
1. cannibalism in birds
2. dehydration
3. high Hematocrit
4. low blood pressure
5. muscle cramps
signs of sodium toxicity (unlikely unless water intake is low)
1. thirst
2. edema
3. muscular weakness
4. hypertension
Functions of Potasium
1. main intracellular cation
2. nerve impulse transmission
3. muscle contraction
4. activates intracellular enzymes
potassium deficiency signs (unlikely unless fluid loss from body)
1. retarded growth
2. weakness
3. tetany and death
potassium toxicity is...
unlikely unless water intake is restricted
sources of chlorine
1. adding salt to food
2. some fruits and vegies
functions of chlorine
1. maintains electrical balance for sodium and potassium
2. acid-base balance
3. pH regulation
4. main gastric juice anion (HCl)
chlorine deficiency (unlikely, unless water loss high-vomit, runs)
1. Achlorhydria
2. Alkalosis (bicarbonates compensate)
chlorine toxicity (unlikely)
hypertension (as with sodium)
What is the 3rd most abundant mineral in body?
Mg
How much of the body's magnesium is associated with bone?
60%
What are sources of Mg?
leafy green vegetables, whole grains, dairy, meat
-Mg chelated to chlorophyll
What are the functions of Mg
1. cofactor for activation of 300 P-transfer enzymes
2. Needed for
-normal heart function
-normal nerve function
-normal muscle function/relaxation
Mg defficiency causes
1. ruminants grazing winter pastures and new growth in the spring
2. Acid/base imbalance or N & K fertilizer
Mg deficiency symptoms
1. muscle tetany
2. head retraction
3. staggering
4. convulsion
5. noise/touch sensetive
Mg deficiency prevention
1. Supply Mg mineral mix or feed dry food
2. fertilize with Dolmitic limestone
Cure for Mg deficiency
Mg Gluconate/IV
What inhibits Mg absorption?
N, K, and high protein diets
Mg toxicity (unlikely)
can occur if kidney failure
sources of sulfur
S-containing amino acids
functions of Sulfur
1. components of important compounds like AA's, biotin, thiamin
2. Acid/base balance
3. wool formation
4. drug detoxification in liver
sulfur deficiency (unlikely)
can happen if feeding NPN and protein is deficient
sulfur toxicity (when feeding inorganic SO4 with NPN)
converted to H2S which lowers rumen motility and causes nervous/respiratory distress.
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