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APUSH Unit 2 Review

Terms in this set (97)

Declaration of Independence (Declaration adopted July 4, 1776)
Document restating political ideas justifying the separation from Britain... Thomas Jefferson and his committee had the duty of drafting for the Continental Congress... John Locke's influences served as a foundation for the document... The final product lacked provisions condemning the British slave trade and a denunciation of the British people that earlier drafts had contained.
Articles of Confederation (Submitted July 1776; ratified 1781)
Framework for an American national government; states had the most power... Empowered the federal government to make war, treaties, raise troops, or regular commence... Congressional revision of the articles created a weak national government.
George Washington's Leadership in the American Revolution (1775-1781)
Named Commander-in-Chief of Continental Forces in June 1775 by the Second Continental Congress... Forced British to evacuate Boston in March 1776... Defeated British at Trenton, New Jersey, after crossing the Delaware on December 25th, 1776... Survived tough winter at Valley Forge (1777-1778); Washington strengthened his troops during the winter and gained respect... General Cornwallis surrendered to Washington on October 19th 1781.
Western Land Cessions (1781-1787; Georgia in 1802)
The original 13 states ceded their western land claims to the new federal government... Before singing the United States Constitution, these states demanded that those with claims cede the land... Ordinances in 1784 and 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance (1787) organized the ceded areas un preparation for statehood... New states were organized and tied the western farmers to the central government.
Treaty of Paris, 1783
Peace settlement that ended the Revolutionary War... The United States was represented by Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay... Britain recognized the United States' independence and outlined its borders... The United States received all lands east of the Mississippi River, north of Florida, and south of the Great Lakes... The United States agreed that Loyalists to Britain were not to be persecuted.
John Jay (1745-1829)
Member of First and Second Continental Congress... Negotiated Treaty of Paris and Jay's Treaty... First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court... Wrote portions of The Federalist Papers.
Shay's Rebellion (1786-1787)
During a period of economic depression, Daniel Shays led a group of farmers to stop the courts from seizing a farmer's land and enacting debt collection... Citizens of Boston raised an army and suppressed the rebels... Americans felt pressure to strengthen the government and avoid future violence.
The Constitution of the United States (Signed September 17, 1787; ratified by required nine states June 21, 1788)
Drafted at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787... Included a preamble and seven articles... Created a stronger federal government... Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments; they protect individual rights and freedoms.
Elastic Clause and the Tenth Amendment
The Tenth Amendment restricts the federal government to those powers delegated to it by the Constitution and gives all other powers to the states, or the people... Article I, Section 8 grants the federal government the power to make all laws "which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers"... The conflict between these two ideas is the determination of which group, the federal government or the states and their people, has the right to exercise powers that have not been expressly delegated to the central government.
The Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan (July 1787)
Virginia Plan - Presented by Edmund Randolph and written by James Madison... Virginia Plan - Called for bicameral nomenclature based on population and both the chief executive and judiciary to be chosen by legislature... New Jersey Plan - Presented by William Patterson... New Jersey Plan - Called for unicameral legislature with equal representation... Plans were united in the Great Compromise; the plans from the bases of the modern American legislative structure.
Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) (1787)
Called for a bicameral legislative system in which the House of Representatives would be based on population and the Senate would have equal representation in Congress... Combined pieces of the New Jersey Plan, the Virginia Plan, and other proposals... Included the Three-Fifths Compromise, which counted slaves as three-fifths of a person for purposes of apportioning representation and called for direct taxation on the states.
Federalist Party (1788)
Americans who advocated centralized power and constitutional ratification... Used the Federalist Papers to demonstrate how the Constitution was designed to prevent the abuse of power... Supports of Federalist platforms included Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay, and northeastern business groups... Federalists believed that the government was given all powers that were not expressly denied to it by the constitution; they had a loose interpretation of the Constitution.
Anti-Federalist Party (1780s-1790s)
Those against the adoption of the Constitution because of suspicion against centralized government ruling at a distance and limiting freedom... George Mason, Patrick Henry, and George Clinton were Anti-Federalists... Many of the Anti-Federalists would come to oppose the policies of Alexander Hamilton and the Federalist Party... The Jeffersonian Republican Party absorbed many of the Anti-Federalists after the Constitution was adopted.
George Washington (1789-1797)
First President... Was unanimously elected president... Served two terms... His leadership led to a standard of a strong presidency with control of foreign policy and the power to veto Congress' Legislation... Declared Proclamation of Neutrality in April 1793, keeping the United States neutral in European wars... His Farewell Address in 1796 warned against entangling alliances, suggested isolationism, and warned of political party factions.
Judiciary Act of 1789 (1789)
Provided for a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and five associates... Established office of Attorney General... Created federal district courts and circuit courts.
Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804)
First Secretary of Treasury... Proposed the federal assumption of state debts, the establishment of a national bank, and federal stimulation of industry through excise tax and tariffs... Opponents, including Jefferson, saw program as aiding a small, elite group at the expense of the average citizen... Hamilton died from wounds sustained in a pistol duel with Aaron Burr, Jefferson's vice president.
Jeffersonian Republicans (Democratic-Republicans)
Political party that absorbed members of the Anti-Federalist Party... Proponents included Thomas Jefferson and James Madison... Favored states' rights and power in the hands of commoners; supported by Southern agriculture and frontiersmen... Believed that the federal government was denied all powers that were not expressly given to it by the Constitution (a "strict interpretation" of the document).
Eli Whitney (1765-1825)
Inventor and manufacturer... Invented the cotton gin in 1793, revolutionary the cotton industry and increasing the need for slaves... Established first factory to assemble muskets with interchangeable, standardized parts... His innovations led to an "American system" of manufacture, where those laborers with less skill could use tools and templates to make identical parts; also, the manufacture and assembly of parts could be done separately.
Jay's Treaty (1794)
Attempt at settling the conflict between the US and England over commerce, navigation, and violations of the Treaty of Paris of 1783... Provided for eventual evacuation by the British of their posts in the Northwest, but it allowed them to continue their fur trade... Allowed for the establishment of commissions to settle United States-Canada border disputes and United States-Britain losses during the Revolutionary War... The generous terms to Britain upset Americans because these were promises that had been made and not fulfilled in the Treaty of Paris of 1783.
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
Western whiskey farmers refused to pay taxes on which Hamilton's revenue program was based... A group of farmers terrorized the tax collectors; Washington responded with a federalized militia... George Washington and Alexander Hamilton rode out to Pennsylvania themselves to emphasize their commitment... First test of federal authority... Established federal government's right to enforce laws.
Pinckney Treaty (1795)
Signed by the US and Spain... Free navigation of the Mississippi River was given to the US... United States gained area north of Florida that had been in dispute (present-day Mississippi and Alabama)... Gave western farmers the "right of deposit" in New Orleans, enabling them to use the port for their goods, making it easier for them to get their goods to the East... The United States would later make the Louisiana Purchase, which would cement this right of deposit.
John Adams (1797-1800)
Second President... First Vice President... Diplomat and signer of the Declaration of Independence... Led the country through the XYZ affair, the Alien and Sedition Acts, and the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions... Kept nation from war during tenure as president.
XYZ Affair (1798)
The United States wanted an end to French harassment of American shipping... To settle this issue, French representatives demanded a bribe and suspended trade with the French... Led to the creation of the American Navy.
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798-1799)
Legislation enacted by the Federalists to reduce foreign influences and increase their power... New hurdles to citizenship were established... Broadened power to quiet print media critics... The legislation was used to silence Jeffersonian Republican critics of the Federalists and was indicative of the poisoned relations between the two parties... These Acts tested the strength of the First Amendment and limited the freedom of the press... The Federalist Party gained a reputation as being a less democratic party, quickening its demise as a political organization.
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798-1799)
Response by Jeffersonian Republicans to the Alien and Sedition Acts... Included text written by Jefferson and by Madison... Suggested that states should have the power within their territory to nullify federal law... Stated that federal government had no right to exercise powers not specifically delegated to it... The resolutions represented a future argument that would be used when secession and Civil War threatened the country... Called into question the paradox of the Elastic Clause and the Tenth Amendment.
The Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815)
War between Napoleon's France and the other European powers, led by Britain... Both sides tried to prevent neutral powers, especially in the US, from trading with their enemy... American ships were seized by both sides and American sailors were "impressed," or forced, into the British navy... The US was angered by this violation of the "freedom of the seas" principle, which holds that outside its territorial waters, a state may not claim sovereignty over the seas... These violations would escalate and lead to the War 1812.
Judiciary Act of 1801
Created new judgeships to be filled by the president... John Adams filled the vacancies with party supporters ("Midnight Judges") before he left office... Led to bitter resentment by the incoming Jeffersonian Republican Party... Act would play a role in the case of Marbury v. Madison.
Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)
Third President... Author of the Declaration of Independence... Before becoming president, he served as the first Secretary of State... First president to reside in Washington, D.C... Jefferson's taking of office was called the "Revolution of 1800" as it was the first time America changed presidential political leadership (Federalist to Jeffersonian Republican)... His embodiment of the Jeffersonian Republican Party helped increase its strength while weak leadership in the Federalist Party was a reason for its demise... His administration was responsible for the Embargo of 1807... He presided over the Louisiana Purchase... His politics were characterized by support of states' rights.
John Marshall (1755-1835)
Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1801-1835)... He was a Federalist installed by Adams... His decisions defined and strengthened the powers of the judicial branch and asserted the power of judicial review over federal legislation... His Court made determinations that cemented a static view of contracts... His Court's decisions advanced capitalism... Significant cases included Marbury v. Madison, Fletcher v. Peck, Darthmouth College v. Woodward, McCulloh v. Maryland, and Gibbons v. Ogden.
Marbury v.Madison
(1803) William Marbury had been commissioned justice of the peace in D.C. by 2nd president John Adams. His commission was part of Adams' "midnight appointments" during his last days in office. Marbury's commission was not delivered, so he sued President Jefferson's Secretary of State, James Madison. Chief Justice John Marshall held that while Marbury was entitled to the commission, the statute which allowed Marbury's remedy was unconstitutional, as it granted the Supreme Court powers beyond what the constitution permitted. The decision paved the way for a concept we call Judicial Review, which gave courts the power to declare statutes unconstitutional.
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
Purchased from France for $15 Million. Jefferson was concerned about the constitutionality of purchasing land without having the authority granted by the Constitution; to make the purchase, he employed the presidential power of treaty making. The territory of U.S. was doubled. The purchase removed France from the Western borders of the U.S. Farmers could now send their goods (fur, grains, tobacco) down the Mississippi River and through New Orleans. The expansion westward created more states with Jeffersonian Republican representation to the point that Federalists became a marginalized party. Opened land to agrarian expansion, helping fulfill one of the tenets of Jefferson's social ideology. Set the stage for U.S. expansion across the entire continent.
Lewis and Clark expedition (1803-1806)
Expedtion through the Louisiana Purchase and the West. Departed from St. Louis and explored areas including the Missouri River, the Yellowstone River and the Rockies. Sacajawea, a Shoshone guide, helped them in their journey (multilingual) Opened up new territories to U.S. introduced U.S. to new natives.
Burr Conspiracy (1806)
Burr planned to take Mexico from Spain and establish a new nation in the West. Burr, a fugitive from politics after Alexander Hamilton's death, was arrested in Natchez and tried for treason. Under John Marshall, chief Justice, Burr was acquitted. Marshall determined that the charge of treason required more than just proof of conspiracy to commit treason; this helped narrow the legal definition of treason.
Embargo of 1807
(1807-1809) American declaration to keep its own ships from leaving port for any foreign destination. Jefferson hoped to avoid contact with vessels of either warring side of Napoleonic Wars. The result was economic depression in the United States; this angered the Federalists, who were well represented in the Northeast commerce and were hit hard by the depression. Very unpopular legislation.
James Madison (1809-1817)
Fourth president. His work during the constitutional convention led him to be considered the "Father of the Constitution" Participated in the writing of the Federalist Papers. Was a Jeffersonian Republican with a Federalist controlled Congress. Faced pressure from "War Hawks" like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun to get involved in the Napoleonic Wars and end the damaging embargo. Led the United States into the War of 1812 and concluded the war in 1814.
Expansion of Electorate (1810-1828)
Most states had already eliminated the property qualifications for voting... Blacks were still excluded from polls across the South and most of the North... The political parties established national nomination conventions.
Tecumseh (1811)
Native American chief who was encouraged by British forces to fight against pressured removal from Western territories... William Henry Harrison destroyed the united Native American Confederacy at Tippecanoe.
Causes of the War of 1812 (1812-1815)
British impressments of American sailors... American frontiersmen wanted more free land, as the West was held by Native American and the British... The United States suspected the British were encouraging Native American rebellion... "War Hawk" Congressional leaders, such as Henry Clay and John Calhoun, pressed for intervention... War Hawks desired annexation of Canada and Florida.... Despite the Embargo Act and Non-Intercourse Act, hostilities could not be cooled... The United States sided with France against Britain.
War of 1812 Events
Early victories at sea by the United States, then overcome by British... The United States' Admiral Perry took Lake Erie with the navy... Opened the way for William Henry Harrison to invade Canada and defeat the British and Native American forces... Andrew Jackson led the American charge through the Southwest... Battle of New Orleans was a decisive conflict where Andrew Jackson defeated the British; battle fought after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent.
Washington Burned (1814)
During the War of 1812, a British armada sailed up the Chesapeake Bay and burned the White House... Attack came in response to the American burning of Toronto... The armada proceeded toward Baltimore; America's Fort McHenry held firm through bombardment... Inspired Francis Scott Key's "Star Spangled Banner."
After the War of 1812 (Post-1814)
Increased American nationalism... High foreign demand for cotton, grain, and tobacco... Turn from agrarian origins towards industrialization... Depression in 1819 due to influx of British goods; the Bank of the United States responded by tightening credit to slow inflation... Business slump.
Rush- Bagot Agreement (1817)
The Treaty of Ghent, which ended hostilities after War of 1812, set the groundwork for this agreement by encouraging both sides to continue to study boundary issues between the United States and Canada...Rush-Bagot was an agreement between Britain and the United States to stop maintaining armed fleets on the great lakes....Served as the first "disarmament" agreement and laid the foundation for future positive relations between Canada and the United states
James Monroe (1817-1825)
Fifth President...Led during the "era of Good Feeelings" which was marked by the domination of his political party , the Democratic -Republicans, and the decline of the Federalist Party...National Identity grew, most notably through the westward movement of the country and various public works projects...Monroe Doctrine- The united states would not allow foreign powers to lead new colonies in the western hemisphere or allow existing colonies to be influenced by outside powers... America feared international influence because of a period of world-wide revolutionary fervor after the Napoleon's fall... The "Era" saw the beginnings of North- South tensions over slavery
McCulloch v. Maryland
Marshall Court decision... Determined that no state can control an agency of the federal government... Maryland tried to levy a tax on a local branch of the United States Bank to protect its own state banks... Supreme Court determined such state action violated Congress' s "implied powers" to operate a national bank... Use of judicial review over state law made this a division of powers case
Antebellum Reform (1820- 1860)
Explosion in the number of colleges; Oberlin College in Ohio became the first coed college... Expansion of state supported elementary schools... Dorothea Dix led in the establishment of asylums for humane treatment of the insane... Prison reform... Oratory became the common form of entertainment and information
The Lowell System (1820s)
A popular way of staffing New England factories... Young women were hired from the surrounding countryside, brought to town, and housed in dorms in mill towns for a short period... The owners called these "factories in the garden" to spread the idea that these facilities would not replicate the dirty, corrupt mills in English towns... The rotating labor supply benefited owners, as no unions could be formed against them.
Slave Codes (1650s-1860s)
A series of laws that limited slave rights... Slave owners were given authority to impose harsh physical punishment and to control their slaves in any fashion they sought, without court investigation... Prohibited their slaves from owning weapons, becoming educated, meeting with other African-Americans without permission, and testifying against whites in court... Severely limited the rights of slaves.
Washington Irving (1783-1859)
In his time, he was the best-known native writer in the US and one of the first American writers to gain fame throughout Europe... His satire is considered some of the first greatest comic literature written by an American... Stories included Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (both in 1820)... His writings reflected an increasing American nationalism, as the stories were based in American settings.
Transcendentalism (1820-1850)
Movement to transcend the bounds of the intellect and to strive for emotional unity with God... Capable of unity without the help of the institutional church... Saw church as reactionary and stifling to self-expression.
Missouri Compromise (1820)
Henry Clay's solution to deadlock over the issue of the acceptance of the proposed new state, Missouri... At the time, the Senate was evenly divided between slave and free states... A slave state of Missouri would tip the balance of power... John Tallmadge added an antislavery amendment meant to prohibit the growth of slavery into Missouri and to free slaves already in Missouri when they had reached a certain age... The Tallmadge Amendment caused the Senate to block the Missouri Compromise; it sparked heated debate about the future of slavery... To settle the dispute, northern Massachusetts became a new free state (Maine)... The legislative section prohibiting slavery in Missouri was replaced by a clause stating that all land of the Louisiana Purchase north of thirty-six north latitude would prohibit slavery.
Denmark Vesey (1767(?)-1822):
As a slave, he won enough money in a lottery to buy his own freedom... Gained wealth and influence in South Carolina... Accused of using church get-togethers to plan a violent slave revolt... Vesey and thirty-four other slaves were hanged... Some historians doubt the conspiracy was real.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
Marshall Court decision... Severely limited the power of state governments to control corporations, which were the emerging form of business... New Hampshire legislature tried to change Dartmouth from a private to a public institution by having its charter revoked... The Court ruled that the charter issued during colonial days still constituted a contract and could not be arbitrarily changed without the consent of both parties... Reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts.
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
Helped define the United States-Mexico border... The border that was under Spanish control had created conflict between the two countries... Spain sold its remaining Florida territory to the US and drew the boundary of Mexico to the Pacific... United States ceded its claims to Texas, and Spain kept California and the New Mexico region... United States assumed $5 million in debts owed by Spain to American merchants... Later, lands kept by Spain would become battlegrounds for American expansion.
Cotton in the early 1800s:
The new invention of the cotton gin separated the seeds from the fibers.....New states such as Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, produced cotton..... led to a boom in the cotton market, its global effects crowned this crop as "King Cotton".......the need for cotton encouraged westward expansion in farming...also prevented American south from diversifying its economy.
Transportation Revolution( first half of the 1800's)
Innovations included new construction of roads, additions of canals, and the expansion of the railroads...Robert Fulton built the modern-day steamboat, transforming river transportation... The transportation revolution cheapened the market and encouraged population movement west of the Appalachian Mountains
Utopian Communities(1820-1850)
Movement that copied early Europeans efforts at utopianism... Attempt by cooperative communities to improve life in the face of increasing industrialism... Groups practiced social experiments that generally saw little success due to their radicalism... Included attempts at sexual equality, racial equality, and socialism... Two examples of these communities were Brook Farm and Oneida
Gibbons v. Ogden(1824)
Marshall Court decision... Determined that only congress may regulate interstate commerce, including navigation... Gibbons received a monopoly by New York to operate a steamboat between New York and New Jersey... Ogden received the same rights through congress... Supreme Court decided that the state monopoly was void... Use of judicial review over state law made this a division of powers case
Hudson River School(1825-1875)
Group of American landscape painters... Part of increasing American nationalism following the War of 1812... The influence of the European romantic movement led many American artists to paint their homeland... Depicted important landscapes such as Niagra Falls, the Catskills, the Rocky Mountains, and the Hudson River Valley... Artists included Thomas Doughty, Thomas Cole, George Inness, and S.F.B. Morse
James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)
American novelist born in Burlington, New Jersey... His writing was influenced by the American frontier and America's landscapes... His works include The Last of the Mohicans (1826), The Water-Witch (1830), and The American Democrat (1838)... His work, along with that of the writers like Washington Irving, helped form the foundation for distinctive American literature.
John James Audubon (1785-1851)
Romantic-era artist... Member of the Hudson River School, a group of landscape painters... Demonstrated the emotion of nature, especially birds and animals... In 1886, a nature organization took his name.
"Corrupt Bargain" of 1824
Four presidential candidates - Henry Clay (Speaker of the House), John Quincy Adams (Secretary of State), Andrew Jackson (1812 war hero), and William Crawford (Secretary of the Treasury)... Jackson won the popular vote did not win the majority of the electoral vote; as a result, the election went to the House of Representatives... Henry Clay, in the House of Representatives vote, threw his support to John Quincy Adams... In exchange for Adams winning the presidency over Jackson, Adams gave Clay the post of Secretary of State... Accusations of a "corrupt bargain" were made by Jackson, but are considered to be largely untrue.
John Quincy Adams (1825-1829)
Sixth president... Supporters called themselves National Republicans; Jackson supporters called themselves Democratic-Republicans... Led an active federal government in areas like internal improvements and Native American affairs... Policies proved unpopular amidst in increasing sectional interest and conflicts over states' rights... After his presidency, he served in the House of Representatives, where he forced debates against slavery and against the removal of certain Native American tribes, a Jacksonian policy.
"Tariffs of Abominations" (1828)
Tariff bill with higher import duties for many goods bought by Southern planters... John C. Calhoun, John Q. Adams' Vice President, anonymously protested his own leadership's bill, suggesting that a federal law harmful to an individual state could be declared void within that state... This suggestion of nullification would be utilized by other states would escalates hostilities, leading to the Civil War.
John Calhoun (1782-1850)
Vice President to both John Q. Adams and to his political rival, Andrew Jackson, who defeated Adams in 1828... Champion of states' rights... Author of an essay, "The South Carolina Exposition and Protest," advocating nullification of Tariff of 1828 and asserting the right of the states to nullify federal laws... Later, as a senator, he engaged Senator Daniel Webster in a debate over slavery and states' rights, digging deeply into the ideas that would drive the country to the Civil War.
Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)
Seventh president... After War of 1812, he invaded Spanish Florida to quell Native American rebellions... After the treaty for the War of 1812 had already been signed, he defeated a British force that had invaded New Orleans, safeguarding the Mississippi River... Popular president due to his image as the self-made Westerner... Implemented the Spoils System approach to civil service... Signed the Indian Removal Act, which provided for federal enforcement to remove Native American tribes west of the Mississippi... Was against the Bank of the United States.
Jacksonian Politics (1828-1840)
Called for a strong executive who liberally used the veto... Relied on the party system... Emphasized states' rights... Politics came to rely on emotional appeals, with meetings in mass conventions to nominate national candidates for office.
republican motherhood
The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children
Old Northwest
The territory north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi governed by the acts of 1785 and 1787
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Legislation that provided for the orderly transformation of western territories into states
Three-Fifths Compromise
The compromise between North and South during the Constitutional Convention that resulted in each slave being counted as 60 percent of a free person for purposes of representation
The Federalist Papers
Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the Constitution. A list of guarantees that federalists promised to add to the Constitution in order to win ratification. Protections for citizens from possible government abuse of power.
Patrick Henry
Virginia antifederalist leader who thought the Constitution spelled the end of liberty and equality
Electoral College
The official body designated to choose the President under the new Constitution, which in 1789 unanimously elected George Washington
assumption
Hamilton's policy of having the federal government pay the financial obligations of the states
nullification
The doctrine, proclaimed in the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions, that a state can block a federal law in considers unconstitutional. Later this theory was promoted by John C. Calhoun and other South Carolinians of tariff issue
Bank of the United States
Institution established by Hamilton to create stable currency and bitterly opposed by states' rights advocates. The "moneyed monster" that Clay tried to preserve and that Jackson killed with his veto in 1832
Washington's Farewell Address
Message telling America that it should avoid unnecessary foreign entanglements and warning against partisian politics
"American System"
Henry Clay's ambitious nationalistic proposal for tariffs, internal imporvments, and expanded manufacturing
Erie Canal
major water transportation route financed and built by New York State after President Madison vetoed federal funding
Dartmouth v.Woodward
Supreme Court case in which Daniel Webster successfully argued that a state could not change a legal charter once granted
Oregon
territory occupied jointly by Britain and the U.S. under the treaty of 1818
Monroe Doctrine
a presidential foreign-policy proclamation that might well have been called the "Adams Doctrine" or the "Self-Defense Doctrine". Proclamed to the rest of the world that the western hemisphere was off limits.
Hartford Convention
gathering of antiwar delegates in New England that ended up being accused of treason
Henry Clay
elequent spokesman for the American System and key architect of the Missouri Compromise., Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.
John Quincy Adams
Nationalistic secretary of state who promoted American interests against Spain and Britain.
"Corrupt Bargain"
Contemptuous Jacksonian term for the alleged political deal by which Clay threw his support to Adams in exchange for a cabinet office
spoils system
the popular idea that public offices should be handed out on the basis of political support rather than special qualifications
evangelicals
reigious believers, originally attracted to the Anti- Masonic party and then to the Whigs, who sought to use political power for moral and religious reform
Trail of Tears
The sorrowful path along which thousands of southeastern Indians were removed to Oklahoma
Whigs
Anti-Jackson political party that generally stood for national community and an activist government, internal improvements, high tariffs
Log Cabin and Hard Cider
Popular symbols of the bogus but effective campaign the Whigs used to elect "poor boy" William Henry Harrison in 1840
John C. Calhoun
Former vice president, leader of South Carolina nullifiers, and bitter enemy of Andrew Jackson
Nicholas Biddle
talented but high handed bank president who fought a bittle losing battle with Jackson
Denmark Vesey
Free South Carolina black whose 1822 rebellion raised southern fears about the future od slavery
Stephen Austin
original leader of American settlers in Texas who obtained a huge land grant from the Mexican government
Sam Houston
Former Tennessee governor whose victory at San Jacinto in 1836 won Texas its independence
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...