Upgrade to remove ads
Only $2.99/month

APHG Chapter 12 & 13 Vocabulary

Terms in this set (51)

basic industries
industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement
business services
services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses
central business district (CBD)
area of the city where retail and office activities are clustered
central place
market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area
central place theory
theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther
city-state
sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland
clustered rural settlement
rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement
consumer services
businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and personal services
dispersed rural settlement
rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages
economic base
community's collection of basic industries
enclosure movement
process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century
gravity model
model that holds the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service
market area (or hinterland)
area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services
nonbasic industries
industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community
personal services
services that provide for the well-being and personal improvement of individual consumers
primate city
largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement
primate city rule
pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement
producer services
services that primarily help people conduct business
public services
services offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses
range (of a service)
maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service
rank-size rule
pattern of settlements in a country, such that the 'n'th largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement
retail services
services that provide goods for sale to consumers
service
any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it
settlement
permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants
threshold
minimum number of people needed to support a service
transportation and information services
services that diffuse and distribute services
annexation
legally adding land area to a city in the United States
census tract
area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which the statistics are published; in urbanized areas, ________ correspond roughly to neighborhoods
concentric zone model
model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings
council of government
cooperative agency consisting of representatives of local governments in a metropolitan area in the United States
density gradient
change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery
edge city
large node or office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area
filtering
process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment
gentrification
process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominately low-income renter-occupied area to a predominately middle-class owner-occupied area
greenbelt
ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area
metropolitan statistical area
In the U.S., an area that contains: a central city of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city
micropolitan statistical area
an area consisting of: urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city
multiple nuclei model
model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities
peripheral model
model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road
public housing
housing owned by the government; in the United States, it is rented to low-income residents, and the rents are set at 30% of the families' incomes
redlining
process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries
rush hour (peak hour)
four consecutive 15-minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic
sector model
model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD)
smart growth
legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland
sprawl
development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area
squatter settlement
area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures
underclass
group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics
urbanization
increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements
urbanized area
In the United States, a central city plus its contiguous built-up suburbs
urban renewal
program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private owners, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers
zoning ordinance
law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...