Olds and Milner experiment
found instinct, arousal, and opponent process theories when they found rats would self-stimulate themselves with electric shocks
Instinct theory
learning of species-specific behavior motivates organisms to do what is necessary to unsure survival
Arousal theory
an optimum level of arousal, of alertness and activation, at which performance on a task is optimal
opponent process theory
All emotions are subject to a subsequent, opposite reaction. each time we experience fear in a given situation, the repetition of that emotion becomes gradually desensitized and we feel less fear.
Drive reduction theory
much of the motivation we experience is a result of our bodies trying to maintain homeostasis
glucostatic hypothesis
brain tries to make sure there is enough glucose since it is the primary fuel for most organs
Humanistic theory
Maslow's triangle:
Top: self-actualization
2nd tier: Esteem -> belongingness needs
1st tiers: safety -> physiological needs
Henry Murray
individual difference and varying environments can cause motivations and need to be expressed in many different ways
need for affilation
high level of this need like to avoid conflicts, like to by members of groups, and dislike being evaluated
Avoidance avoidance conflict:
faced with two bad options
Ex. Taking out the trash or doing the laundry
Multiple approach and avoidance:
both options have good and bad sides
Ex. Costly new car, economical ugly car
James-Lange Theory
environmental stimuli causes physiological changes and responses
stimulus ->physiological response -> emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory
Body's reaction and emotion happen at the same time- one does not cause the other
general adaption syndrome
alarm: arousal of sympathetic nervous system
resistance: parasympathetic rebound
exhaustion: body's resources are exhausted, tissue cannot be repaired
Richard Lazarus
cognitive theory: primary appraisal
primary: sees if event is stressful
secondary: assessing whether individual can handle the stress
Type A behavior
competitive, sense of time urgency, elevated feelings of hostility and anger towards stress