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HOSA Biotechnology Study Guide

Terms in this set (114)

Antibiotics
Molecular agents derived from fungi and/or bacteria that impede the growth and survival of some other microorganisms
Antibodies
Proteins developed by the immune system that recognize specific molecules (antigens)
Biochemistry
The study of chemical reactions occurring in living things
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Nation research center to improve public health
Clinical trials
A strict series of tests that evaluates the effectiveness and safety of a medical treatment
Cloning
Method of asexual reproduction that produces identical organisms
Concentration
The amount of a substance as a proportion of another substance
Cystic Fibrosis
Genetic disorder that clogs the respiratory and digestive system with mucus
Data
Information gathered by documentation
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A double stranded helical molecule that stores genetic information for the production of proteins
Diabetes
A disorder affecting the uptake of sugar by cells due to inadequate insulin production or ineffective use of insulin
DNA fingerprinting
An experimental technique that is commonly used to identify individuals
DNA ligase
An enzyme that binds together disconnected strands of a DNA molecule
E.coli
A rod-shaped bacterium native to the intestines of mammals; commonly used in genetics researched and by biotechnology companies for the development of products
Efficacy
The ability to yield a desired result or demonstrate that a product does what it claims to do
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The federal agency that enforces environmental laws
Ethics
The study of moral standards and how they affect conduct
Fermentation
A process by which, in an oxygen deprived environment, a cell converts sugar into lactic acid or ethanol
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
The federal agency that regulates the use and production of food, feed, food additives, veterinary drugs, human drugs, and medical devices
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)
An organism produced by genetic engineering that contains DNA from another organism and produces new proteins encoded on the acquire DNA
Genetics
The study of genes and how they are inherited and expressed
Genome
One entire set if an organism's genetic material
Microbial agents
Synonym for microorganisms; living things too small to be seen without he aid of a microscope, includes bacteria, most algae, and many fungi
Human Genome Project
A collaborative international effort to sequence and map all the DNA on the 23 human chromosomes; completed in 2000
Insulin
A protein that facilitates the uptake of sugar into cells from blood
Journals
Scientific periodicals or magazines in which scientists publish their experimental work, findings, or conclusions
Large-scale production
the manufacturing of large volumes of a product
Molecular Biology
the branch of biology that studies the structure and activity of macromolecules essential to life (and especially with their genetic role)
Molar
a common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
an agency in the Department of Health and Human Services whose mission is to employ science in the pursuit of knowledge to improve human health
Negative Control
control group where conditions produce a negative outcome. Negative control groups help identify outside influences which may be present that were not accounted for when the procedure was created.
Pharmaceutical
drug or medicine that is prepared or dispensed in pharmacies and used in medical treatment
Plasmid
a small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
a method of producing thousands of copies of DNA segment using the enzyme DNA polymerase
Positive Control
group expected to have a positive result, allowing the researcher to show that the experimental set up was capable of producting results.
Proteases
break large portein complexes
Pure Science
basic research
Reagent
a substance used in a chemical reaction to detect, measure, examine, or produce other substances
Recombinant DNA
DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources
Recombinant DNA Technology
technology that combines genes from different sources into a single DNA molecule
Research and Development (R&D)
a set of activities undertaken to improve existing products, create new products and improve production
Restriction Enzyme
enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides
Therapeutic
having or exhibiting healing powers
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (t-PA)
is a thrombolytic that is administered to some patients having a heart attack or stroke. If administered within a few hours after symptoms begin, this medication can dissolve the damaging blood clots.
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
the U.S. governmental agency that oversees and promotes trade, offering export assistance and counseling to U.S. businesses involved in international trade, providing country information and country specialists, and bringing buyers and sellers together.
Variable
a factor that can change in an experiment.
Virus
(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
The molecule that stores energy that can be used by the cell
Amino Acids
building blocks of proteins
Anatomy
branch of science dealing with the form and structure of body parts
Carbohydrates
broken down to glucose to provide energy.
Cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
Cell wall
a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.
Cellular respiration
process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
Cellulose
a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β glycosidic linkages.
Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells
introduced in the 1960's and remain the mst commonly used mammalian host cells
Cholorophyll
green pigment used only in plants to asorb sunlight
Chloroplast
an organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
Chromosomes
bodies within the nucleus made in DNA and proteins called the histones
Cytology
analyzes the internal structure of individual cells
Cytoplasm
a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
Cytoskeleton
a microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence
Deoxyribose
a five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides
Disaccharide
a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.
Enzyme
a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
Eukaryote
a cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Fluorometer
an instrument that measures the amount or type of light emitted
Fructose
C6H12O6
Fruit sugar
Glucose
C6H12O6
a simple sugar that is an important source of energy.
Hormone
chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another
Human epithelial cells
HeLa Cells
the most commonly used substrate for ANA IFA testing is this type of cell line
Hydrophilic
Having an affinity for water
Hydrophobic
Afraid of water
Lactose
A disaccharide that is the primary carbohydrate found in human milk.
Lipids
Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Lysosome
A small, round cell structure containing chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones.
Macromolecule
A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
Mitochondria
An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.
Monomers
small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers
Monosaccharide
A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.
Multicellular
Consisting of many cells
Nucleic acids
Class of biological polymers that includes DNA and RNA.
Nucleotides
Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and one of 4 DNA bases
Nucleus
A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
Organ
A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
Organelles
A membrane-enclosed structure with a specialized function within a cell.
Organic
Carbon-containing
Organism
An individual living thing
Pancreas
An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.
Phospholipids
A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. Phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes.
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars
Physiology
Processes and functions of an organism
Pigments
Colored chemical compounds that absorb light
Plasma membrane
A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells
Polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.
Polypeptide
A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
Polysaccharide
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides
Prokaryote
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Proteins
Chains of amino acids
Protist
Kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi
Respiration
Inhalation and exhalation of air.
R-group
A functional group that defines a particular amino acid and gives it special properties.
Ribose
a pentose sugar important as a component of ribonucleic acid
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose
Ribosome
Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.
Starch
A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.
Steroids
A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached.
Sucrose
C12H22O11
(cane sugar) is commonly found in kitchens. It is made from one molecule of glucose and on
Sugar
A simple carbohydrate with a chemical composition of CH2O. Most sugars form ring structures when in solution.
Tissue
A group of similar cells that perform the same function.
Triglycerides
Circulate in the blood and are made up of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol.
Unicellular
A single celled organism
Vero cells
These cells are cells of African green monkey kidneys.
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