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Data and Information Management Ch 2
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Terms in this set (61)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
the group that accepted the DBTG recommendations and augmented database standards in 1975 through its SPARC committee
attribute
a characteristic of an entity or object-has a name and a data type
Big Data
a movement to find new and better ways to manage large amounts of Web-generated data and derive business insight from it, while simultaneously providing high performance and scalability at a reasonable cost
business rule
a description of a policy, procedure, or principle within an organization
class
a collection of similar objects with shared structure (attributes) and behavior (methods). It encapsulates an object's data representation and a method's implementation; are organized in a class hierarchy
class diagram
a diagram used to represent data and their relationships in UML object notation
class diagram notation
the set of symbols used in the creation of class diagrams
class hierarchy
the organization of classes in a hierarchical tree in which each parent class is a superclass and each child class is a subclass
conceptual model
the output of the conceptual design process; provides a global view of an entire database and describes the main data objects, avoiding details
conceptual schema
a representation of the conceptual model, usually expressed graphically
connectivity
the classification of the relationship between entities
constraint
a restriction placed on data, usually expressed in the form of rules
Crow's Foot notation
a representation of the entity relationship diagram that uses a three-pronged symbol to represent the "many" sides of the relationship
data definition language (DDL)
the language that allows a database administrator to define the database structure, schema, and subschema
data manipulation language (DML)
the set of commands that allows an end user to manipulate the data in the database
data model
a representation, usually graphic, of a complex "real-world" data structure; are used in the database design phase of the Database Life Cycle
entity
a person, place, thing, concept, or event for which data can be stored
entity instance
in ER modeling, a specific table row
entity occurrence
...
entity relationship diagram (ERD)
a diagram that depicts an entity relationship model's entities, attributes, and relations
entity relationship (ER) model (ERM)
a data model that describes relationships among entities at the conceptual level with the help of ER diagrams
entity set
in a relational model, a grouping of related entities
eventual consistency
a model for database consistency in which updates to the database will propagate through the system so that all data copies will be consistent eventually
extended relational data model (ERDM)
a model that includes the object-oriented model's best features in an inherently simpler relational database structural enviornment
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
a metalanguage used to represent and manipulate data elements. Unlike other markup languages, it permits the manipulation of a document's data elements; facilitates the exchange of structured documents such as orders and invoices over the Internet
external model
the application programmer's view of the data environment; given its business focus, it works with a data subset of the global database system
external schema
the specific representation of an external view, the end user's view of the data environment
hardware independence
a condition in which a model does not depend on the hardware used in the model's implementation. Therefore, changes in the hardware will have no effect on the database design at the conceptual level
hierarchical model
an early database model whose basic concepts and characteristics formed the basis for subsequent database development. This model is based on an upside-down tree structure in which each record is called a segment. The top record is the root segment. Each segment has a 1:M relationship to the segment directly below it
inheritance
in the object-oriented data model, the ability of an object to inherit the data structure and methods of the classes above it in the class hierarchy
internal model
in database modeling, a level of data abstraction that adapts the conceptual model to a specific DBMS model for implementation. It is the representation of a database as "seen" by the DBMS; it requires a designer to match the conceptual model's characteristics and constraints to those of the selected implementation model
internal schema
a representation of an internal model using the database constructs supported by the chosen database
key-value
a data model based on a structure composed of two data elements: a key and a value, in which every key has a corresponding value or set of values
logical design
a stage in the design phase that matches the conceptual design to the requirements of the selected DBMS and is therefore software-dependent. It is used to translate the conceptual design into the internal model for a selected database management system
logical independence
a condition in which the internal model can be changed without affecting the conceptual model
many-to-many (M:N) relationship
associations among two or more entities in which one occurrence of an entity is associated with many occurrences of a related entity and one occurrence of the related entity is associated with many occurrences of the first entity
method
in the object-oriented data model, a named set of instructions to perform an action; represent real world actions, and are invoked though messages
network model
a data model standard created in the late 1960s that represented data as a collection of record types and relationships as predefined sets with an owner record type and a member record type in a 1:M relationship
NoSQL
a new generation of database management systems that is not based on the traditional relational database model
object
an abstract representation of a real-world entity that has a unique identity, embedded properties, and that ability to interact with other objects and itself
object-oriented data model (OODM)
a data model whose basic modeling structure is an object
object-oriented database management system (OODBMS)
data management software used to manage data in an object-oriented database model
object/relational database management system (O/R DBMS)
a DBMS based on the extended relational model
one-to-many (1:M) relationship
associations among two or more entities that are used by data models; one entity instance is associated with many instances of the related entity
one-to-one (1:1) relationship
associations among two or more entities that are used by data models; one entity instance is associated with only one instance of the related entity
physical independence
a condition in which the physical model can be changed without affecting the internal model
physical model
a model in which physical characteristics such as location, path, and format are described for the data; it is both hardware and software dependent
relation
in a relational database model, an entity set; are implemented as tables; are related to each other through the sharing of a common entity characteristic
relational database management system (RDBMS)
a collection of programs that manages a relational database; translates a user's logical requests into commands that physically locate and retrieve the requested data; also creates and maintains a data dictionary to help provide data security, data integrity, concurrent and easy access, and system administration to the data through a query language and application programs
relational diagram
a graphical representation of a relational database's entities, the attributes within those entities, and the relationships among the entities
relational model
developed by E. F. Codd of IBM in 1970, it represented a major breakthrough for users and designers because of its conceptual simplicity; is based on mathematical set theory and represents data as independent relations; each relation (table) is conceptually represented as a matrix of intersecting rows and columns; the relations are related to each other through the sharing of common entity characteristics
relationship
an association between entities
schema
a logical grouping of database objects, such as tables, indexes, views, and queries, that are related to each other; usually it belongs to a single user or application
segment
in the hierarchical data model, the equivalent of a file system's record type
semantic data model
the first of a series of data models that more closely represented the real world, modeling both data and their relationships in a single structure known as an object
software independence
a property of any model or application that does not depend on the software used to implement it
sparse data
a case in which the number of table attributes is very large but the number of actual data instances is low
subschema
in the network model, the portion of the database "seen" by the application programs that produce the desired information from the data in the database
table
a matrix composed of intersecting rows (entities) and columns (attributes) that represents an entity set in the relational model
tuple
in the relational model, a table row
Unified Modeling Language(UML)
a language based on object-oriented concepts that provides tools such as diagrams and symbols to graphically model a system
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