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Anatomy: the lymphatic system & body defenses

Terms in this set (96)

what is the basic difference in the innate and adaptive system
the innate system is non specific, adaptive is specific and particular
together these two systems make up the __________ system
immune
name the four things that provide our innate defenses
intact skin and mucous membranes, inflammatory response, and proteins produced by the body cells (unbroken skin)
which cells are the most important of the immune cells
lymphocytes and macrophages (in lymph nodes)
the immune system protects us directly by_______ ________ and indirectly by:
cell attack, releasing mobile chemicals and protective antibodies
unlike the innate defenses, and the adaptive system must first ______ or be __________ by an initial exposure to a foreign substance (antigen)
meet, primed (meets and gets aquatinted)
some innate resistance is _____________. for example:
inherited, forms of TB that we can't have, only birds
what makes up the bodes first line of defense
skin and mucous membranes
where can we find mucous membranes (mucosae)
(urinary, digestive, respiratory) all body cavities exterior (tracts) stomach
name the four protective secretions mentioned
acidic PH secretions, hydrochloric acid, salivas lysozyme or in tears, mucus traps in respiratory
what is the second line of defense and on what do they rely
cells and chemicals/ phagocytes, killer cells, inflammatory response, fever
what are phagocytes how do they work with lysosomes
killer cells/ fuse with lysosomes
neutrophils are the phagocytes that
first to arrive, most numerous
macrophages are the phagocytes that
largest phagocytes
what is a lysome
enzyme- containing vacuole, phagocytes put the foreign thing in the lysosome, lysosomes destroy foreign
what are NK cells able to do
kill cancer cells
what is perforin
a chemical released by NK cells that punch holes (perforate) in membrane of target cell
what is the inflammatory response
nonspecific trigger when tissue is ingured (ex:being slapped)
what are the four most common indicators of an inflammatory response
redness, heat, swelling, pain
what is the purpose of histamine and kinins
activate pain neutrons, attract WBCs to the area
what is chemotaxis
process where the cells are following a chemical gradient
what are the functions of the inflammatory response
prevents spread of damaging agents, disposes of debris, sets stage for repair
what is diapedesis
squeezing through the capillary walls
what is pus
dead neutrohpils and pathogens (WBCs)
how do antimicrobial proteins enhance the innate defenses
attackng microogranisms OR hindering them from reproducitng
how are complement proteins activated and how does this tie in with the complement fixation
when they are fixed on a foreign subject/ occurs when the proteins bind to sugars of antibodies
what happens in a MAC attack
(membrane attack completes) produces holes in the foreign cells surface
how do interferons save the lives of unaffected cells
interfere with the viruses ability to multiply within healthy cells
what is the purpose of fever in the immune system
a response to invading microorganisms/ abnormally high temperature
what are pyrogens
chemicals secreted by WBCs exposed to foreign substances in the body (pyrogens cause an increase in out temperature)
where does the virus land
on throat cells
what did producers liken the knobs of the virus to
keys
the cell welcomes the virus by forming a welcoming committee what does this membrane/ welcoming committee do
pulls down into the cell
once the virus gets inside the cell, the membrane disperses and the virus bursts what happens next
the virus lyses produce more viruses
these parts of the virus go into which part of the cell
nucleus to produce more copies
what is the purpose of the immune system: to keep out... if they come in...
shady things (proteins, viruses, bacteria); kill them
first line of defense is made to: keep ___________ what does this do ?
these things out; skin, mucous membrane
first line of defense: another defense is the ___________
acidic skin secretion/ acid lysozmes
first line of defense: stomach with an _____________ environment
acidic
first line of defense: both of these are _____________ defenses
first line
what do these two defenses have in common
both on the outside/ exterior
second line of defense: ___________ response
brings fluid and fighters to...
the byproduct is your body gets...
inflammatory; the sight of pathogens/ the fight; inflamed
second line of defense: phagocytes-
a class of cell that can eat up...
it has receptors that respond to...
pathogens; proteins of foreign pathogens
what are the symptoms of the inflammatory response
redness, swelling, pain, heat
what triggers the inflammatory response
when pathogen passes first line of defense
how are messages sent
cells release chemokines (small particles) to send messages
what are cytokines? chemicals that initiate....
signal
cytokines: increased permeability of capillaries which allows for...
chemicals like histamine to leak through and allow neutrophils to kill pathogens
cytokines: vasodilation. what does that do? why is it helpful?
histamine make capillaries larger; this causes swelling and leaky capillaries
cytokines: if you have leaky capillaries your blood cells can move into the tissue and do what
RBCs can gather and capillary walls allow chemicals and WBCs to transfer
Surface membrane barrier consisitng of the skin and _______, defensive cells, such as ______ _____ ___ and phagocytes, and a whole deluge of ________ are the 3 major elements of the body's nonspecific defense system.
mucosa; natural killer cells; chemicals
Lysozyme is found in the body secretions called _____ and ______.
tears saliva
Fluids with an acid pH are found in the _______ and ______ _______ tract.
stomach female reproductive
Sebum is a product of the _____ glands and acts at the surface of the skin.
sebaceous
Mucus is produced by mucus-secreting glands found in the resp and _____ system mucosae.
digestive
Complement is a system of plasma _____ that circulate in the blood in an inactive form.
protein
Complement is _______ when it becomes attached to the surface of foreign cells.
activated
One result of this complement fixation is that ______ appear in the membrane of the foreign cell.
holes or lesions
This allows _____ to rush in, which causes _____ of the foreign cell.
H2O lysis
have antimicrobial activity
lysozyme and sebum
provide mechanical barriers
mucosae and skin
provide chemical barrier
acids, lysozyme, mucus, protein digesting enzymes and sebum
entaps micoorganisms entering the respiratry passages
mucous
barriers that cover body surfaces and the cells and chemicals that act on the initial battle fronts to protect the body from pathogens/anything that doesn't belong
mechanical
anything foreign will be
attacked
skin and mucus membranes
unbroken
first line of defense: unbroken skin mucous membranes
-acidic skin secretions
-hydrochloric acid i stomach
-lysoZYMES in salvia and lacrimal fluid
(tears in the lacrimal gland) (under tongue) (fighting bacteria)
cavity of respiratory, urinary, and reproductive
mucosae
second line of defense: cells and chemicals
-phagocytes
-natural killer cells
-chemical substances that kill pathogens
-fever
largest phagocyte (called monocytes) clean up crew
macrophages
first to arrive, most numbers
neutrophils
use lysoSOMES
macrophages & neutophils
kills cancer cells and your own cell when it is taken over by a virus; self cell infected by a virus
NK cells
are called natural killers cuz they don't need to recognize a specific antigen before taking action and they target tumor cell and protect against a wide variety of infections microbes, not phagocytes, use perforins
NK cells
perforate the cell and allow fluid to come in and then it LYSE and is gone
perforins
hurts, redness, send blood, gets warm, swelling
inflammatory response
what is the purpose of going into the nucleus
to produce more copies
in tears arent to harm
lysozymes
what does histamine & kinins cause
blood vessels dilate, capillaries become leaky; activate pain receptors; attack phagocytes and WBCs to the area of injury
(blue light special) call WBCs to area; prevent spread of damaging agents; disposes of cell debris & pathogals; set the stage for repair
chemotaxis
squeeze through capillary walls
neutrophils
follow the neutrophils and become macrophages as the inflammatory response declines and then they clean up
monocytes
mixture of dead or dying neutrophils
pus
are used to attack or hinder reproduction of pathogens
antimicrobial protein
protein bind to sugar or proteins on foreign cells surface
complement fixation
produce lesions, complete with holes, in the foreign cells surface allowing water to come in
MAC attack
prevent virus
interferons
is a system in response to invading microorganisms; it can rest upward
fever
chemicals secreted that cause increase in body temperature (response team)
pyrogens
accounts for redness and heat in an inflamed area
increased blood flow to an area
inflammatory chemical released by injured cells
histamine
cellular migration directed by a chemical gradient
chemotaxis
phagocytic offspring of monocytes
macrophages
leukocytes pass through the wall of a capillary
diapedesis
first phagocytes to migrate into the injured area
neutrophils
is normal response to pyrogens; reduces the availability of iron and zinc required for bacterial proliferation; increased metabolic rate
fever
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