Genetics/Punnet Square Genetics

Terms in this set (33)

Chromosome
cell structures that carry genetic material (DNA) that are copied and passed from generation to generation of cells.
Gene
segment of DNA that controls protein production
XX
sex chromosomes in a female
XY
sex chromosomes in a male
Mutation
any change or random error in a DNA sequence
heredity
The passing of traits from parents to offspring
traits
characteristics that are inherited
phenotype
physical characteristic of an organism
genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a trait (SAME)
heterozygous
Having two different alleles for a trait (DIFFERENT)
monohybrid
genetic crosses that involve one trait
dihybrid
Crosses between individuals that differ in two traits
Allele
A form of a gene; either dominant or recessive
Dominant
An allele that takes over recessive alleles; more powerful
recessive
An allele that is less powerful and is only seen when paired with another one.
Autosomes
any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome; codes for body structures
Sex chromosomes
the X and Y chromosome
Mitosis
cell division that creates genetically identical diploid cells or body cells (somatic cells)
Meiosis
Cell division that creates genetically unique haploid cells or sex cells (gametes)
Diploid
Cells having a FULL set of chromosomes or (2n)
Haploid
Cells having a half set of chromosomes or (n)
gametes
the sex cells, sperm and egg
Crossing Over
when homologous chromosomes swap pieces during meiosis, increasing genetic diversity
Independent Assortment
the random combos of chromosomes resulting during meiosis
Karyotype
A picture of all your chromosomes
Homologous chromosomes
pairs of the same type of chromosomes, one from your mom and one from your dad
Pedigree
A picture showing how a trait is passed on through generations
Incomplete dominant traits
a blending of the dominant and recessive alleles; Non-mendelian
Co-dominant traits
when both alleles act as dominant and are expressed in the phenotype; non-mendelian
Sex-linked traits
involve alleles that are located on the X chromosome
Mendelian Traits
Follow the rules of simple dominance discovered by Gregor Mendel, where a dominant allele always over takes the recessive allele.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
A type of inheritance that does not follow Mendelian laws of inheritance
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