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Computer Systems for Health Information Technology Ch. 4

Terms in this set (56)

Database
an organized collection of data text references or pictures in a standardized format, typically in a computer system for multiple applications
Database Management System (DBMS)
database cannot function without a DBMS to manipulate and control stored data within the database
Databases allow
information to be stored in one place and accused in another; reduces redundancy; improves consistency; standardization of forms
Prior to databases
used sequential computer files or direct-access computer files
Direct-access computer files
allowed file to access directly instead having to search entire file
File
Collection of data, file cabinet
Record
all information that has been collected on a individual patient or specific transaction, file in a file cabinet drawer
Data Field
predefined area within a healthcare database where same information is usually recorded
ie: last name, ID number, date of birth
key field
hold unique identifiers to ensure each entry in the database is different.
Primary Key
the unique identifier in a key field
ie medical record number or physician ID number
Foreign Key
a primary key in one table that is found in another table; aka second primary key
Query
search for data that meets specific criteria the user requests in a subset of the database
Structured Query Language (SQL)
specific language use to stricture database and retrieve data
Alphabetic Field
accepts only alphabetic characters; ie patient name
Numeric Field
only accepts numbers that can be calculated like charges; does not include zip codes or medical record number.
Alphanumeric Fields
accept numbers, alphabetic characters or a combination of the two; zip codes, address, phone numbers fit this field
Time and date field
only date and times
Auto numbering
creates a unique number that never be assigned again, like record number
Normalization
breaking data elements into a level of detail desired by the facility like last name and first name in separate fields; easier to search and manipulate data in that field
Data Definition
the specific meaning of a healthcare-related data element
Six functions of a (DBMS) Database Management System
1- moving data to and from physical data files as needed
2-managing concurrent data access by multiple users; preventing simultaneous updates
3-managing transaction changes; all-or-nothing; recorded in all databases
4- support for a language query
5-provisions for backing up database and recovering from failures
6-security mechanisms to prevent unauthorized access and modifications
Data Definition Language (DDL)
translates how data are stored in the computer from physical view to logical view (understandable to user); defines relationship between data
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
accesses, changes, and retrieves data from database; query based
Data Control Language (DCL)
controls acces to data within a database
Natural Language queries
queries using common word to tell the database which data are needed; ie: "list all patients who had abc procedure" or "how many pateints were discharged 10/01/13"
Query by Example
point and click to choose tables and fields contained in database; boolean search included
Boolean search
helps define query with "and" "or" "not" (ect) in search to narrow down information
Wildcard Search
used to indicate that query should identify data that meet partial information provided
Data Dictionary
describes the data used by the system; controls the quality of the data by standardizing the data collection.
Data Dictionary uses
standardizes descriptions, permissible values, and formats for readability, consistency, and portability.
Data Standards
the agreed upon specifications for the values acceptable for specific data fields; share data in a standardized way
Data Modeling
design of a database needed for organization; based on organizations strategic plan
Conceptual Data modeling
not tiered to a particular database; requirement for database development; basis for logical and physical database models
Logical Database Model
complete representation of data requirements and structural business rules that govern data quality in support of project requirements
Entity-Relationship Diagram
common type of data modeling diagram focused on relationship between entities
Entity
person, location, thing or concept tracked in database
patient, physician, laboratory test
Attributes
fact or data about the entity
ie: medical record number, last name, city, state
Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)
data modeling software used to create diagrams and other tools in data modeling
Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs)
shows how data flows within the database
one-to-one relationship
patient to attending physician
one-to-many relationship
patient to consulting physicians
Relational Database Model
relation is created by sharing common data elements
ie patient identifiers
Relational Database advantages
not tied to specific application
data entered only one time; improved data consistency and quality
stored in a single location
Hierarchical Database Model
similar to an organizational chart
tree structure
not always user friendly
not compatible with current EHR systems
Parent-Child Relationship
Hierarchical Database Model
one-to-many relationship
parent can have many nodes, child can only have one parent
Network Database Model
uses pointers to connect data
nodes are called owner and members rather than parent and child
node can have more than one parent
Object-oriented Model
handled text, images, video and non-text items stored in a hierarchy navigational style program
like radiology department store all x-ray images
Java
programming language designed to use on the internet
Encapsulation
object-oriented model
defining characteristics of an object
ie laboratory test name, results, date, time
Inheritance
Object-oriented model
inherit properties from another object
attending physician and consult have common name, address, phone number
Data Repository
database that stores patient-specific data from many systems
open format allowing multiple systems
updated in real time giving most current information
Clinical Data Repository (CDR)
centralized on clinical data ie laboratory tests
Data Warehouse
stores data from many different systems
historical and current information
used for quick analyzing
updated periodically
Data Mart
a sub-set of the data warehouse for single purpose or specialized use
can be developed before data warehouse or at the same time
Data Mining
extracting and analyzing large volumes of data from datebase
aka data exploration or information discovery
identifying different patterns that would be unnoticed without analyzing
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
data access architecture that allows user to retrieve specific information from a large volume of data
does the "slicing and dicing"
helps make strategic decisions
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