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2008 Biology Final
1) The amino acid sequence of cytochrome c is exactly the same in humans and chimpanzees. There is a difference of 13 amino acids between the cytochrome c of humans and dogs, and a difference of 20 amino acids between the cytochrome c of humans and rattle snakes. Which of the following is best supported by these data?
a. Rattlesnakes apparently gave rise evolutionarily to the dog, chimpanzee, and human.
b. Cytochrome c apparently has an entirely different function in rattlesnakes than in mammals, which explains the difference in the number of amino acids.
c. Cytochrome c is not found universally in animals.
d. Cytochrome c from a rattlesnake could function in a dog, but not in a chimpanzee.
e. The human is apparently more closely related to the chimpanzee than to the dog or rattlesnake.
a. Rattlesnakes apparently gave rise evolutionarily to the dog, chimpanzee, and human.
b. Cytochrome c apparently has an entirely different function in rattlesnakes than in mammals, which explains the difference in the number of amino acids.
c. Cytochrome c is not found universally in animals.
d. Cytochrome c from a rattlesnake could function in a dog, but not in a chimpanzee.
e. The human is apparently more closely related to the chimpanzee than to the dog or rattlesnake.
E
2) A parasite may be described as an organism that derives nourishment from another living organism and
a. becomes necessary to the life of the host
b. is neutral in its effect on the host
c. benefits the host nutritionally
d. provides a supportive structure for the host
e. harms the host in the process
a. becomes necessary to the life of the host
b. is neutral in its effect on the host
c. benefits the host nutritionally
d. provides a supportive structure for the host
e. harms the host in the process
E
3) Countercurrent exchange in the gills of fish is an adaptation that accomplishes which of the following?
a. It limits the amount of blood going to the gills.
b. It decreases the thermal gradient between water and blood.
c. It improves the ability of blood to dissolve oxygen.
d. It maximizes oxygen transfer from water to the blood.
e. It maximizes heat retention in the fish.
a. It limits the amount of blood going to the gills.
b. It decreases the thermal gradient between water and blood.
c. It improves the ability of blood to dissolve oxygen.
d. It maximizes oxygen transfer from water to the blood.
e. It maximizes heat retention in the fish.
D
4) The energy required to run the Calvin cycle reactions of photosynthesis comes from which two substances produced during the light-dependent reactions?
a. ATP and NADPH
b. ADP and PO4
c. H+ and O2
d. O2 and CO2
e. H2O and CO2
a. ATP and NADPH
b. ADP and PO4
c. H+ and O2
d. O2 and CO2
e. H2O and CO2
A
5) The diagram above (slide 1) illustrates which of the following processes?
a. Crossing-over
b. Base pair substitution
c. Duplication
d. Deletion
e. Posttranscriptional processing
a. Crossing-over
b. Base pair substitution
c. Duplication
d. Deletion
e. Posttranscriptional processing
A
6) ATP is produced in all of the following EXCEPT
a. glycolysis
b. the Krebs cycle
c. the Calvin cycle
d. cyclic and noncyclic light-reactions
e. the electron transport system with chemiosmosis
a. glycolysis
b. the Krebs cycle
c. the Calvin cycle
d. cyclic and noncyclic light-reactions
e. the electron transport system with chemiosmosis
C
7) The creeping horizontal and subterranean stems of ferns are referred to as
a. prothalli
b. fronds
c. stipes
d. roots
e. rhizomes
a. prothalli
b. fronds
c. stipes
d. roots
e. rhizomes
E
8) Level/Population
4/4
3/360
2/780
1/5782
In a simple ecosystem, a census of the populations in four successive trophic levels was taken as shown above. If level 1 is composed of photosynthetic autotrophs, then the trophic level with 780 individuals will most likely represent
a. primary consumers
b. secondary consumers
c. tertiary consumers
d. decomposers
e. producers
4/4
3/360
2/780
1/5782
In a simple ecosystem, a census of the populations in four successive trophic levels was taken as shown above. If level 1 is composed of photosynthetic autotrophs, then the trophic level with 780 individuals will most likely represent
a. primary consumers
b. secondary consumers
c. tertiary consumers
d. decomposers
e. producers
A
9) Which of the following is most directly responsible for water's unique properties?
a. It contains oxygen atoms.
b. It contains hydrogen atoms.
c. It is an ionic compound.
d. It forms hydrogen bonds.
e. It is nonpolar.
a. It contains oxygen atoms.
b. It contains hydrogen atoms.
c. It is an ionic compound.
d. It forms hydrogen bonds.
e. It is nonpolar.
D
10) Cells that contain only circular chromosomes are most probably which of the following?
a. Protist cells
b. Fungal cells
c. Bacterial cells
d. Plant cells
e. Animal cells
a. Protist cells
b. Fungal cells
c. Bacterial cells
d. Plant cells
e. Animal cells
C
11) Which of the following components of the cell membrane is responsible for active transport?
a. Phospholipid
b. Protein
c. Lipid
d. Phosphate
e. Cholesterol
a. Phospholipid
b. Protein
c. Lipid
d. Phosphate
e. Cholesterol
B
12) Evolutionary fitness is measured by
a. physical strength
b. reproductive success
c. length of life
d. resistance to disease
e. competitiveness
a. physical strength
b. reproductive success
c. length of life
d. resistance to disease
e. competitiveness
B
13) Which of the following is true of mitosis?
a. It is also known as cytokinesis.
b. It maintains the same chromosome number in the daughter cells as in the parent cell.
c. It is the last phase of interphase.
d. It regulates the transfer of genetic information from one daughter cell to another.
e. It moves homologous chromosomes to opposite poles.
a. It is also known as cytokinesis.
b. It maintains the same chromosome number in the daughter cells as in the parent cell.
c. It is the last phase of interphase.
d. It regulates the transfer of genetic information from one daughter cell to another.
e. It moves homologous chromosomes to opposite poles.
B
14) Which of the following methods for the transport of CO2 provides a buffering system for the blood?
a. CO2 is dissolved in the plasma.
b. CO2 combines with H2O to form carbonic acid and then bicarbonate.
c. CO2 combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin.
d. CO2 is carried in small gas bubbles.
e. CO2 is converted to CO for plasma transport.
a. CO2 is dissolved in the plasma.
b. CO2 combines with H2O to form carbonic acid and then bicarbonate.
c. CO2 combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin.
d. CO2 is carried in small gas bubbles.
e. CO2 is converted to CO for plasma transport.
B
15) The population of the country shown in the figure above (slide 2) will mostly likely
a. stabilize within 20 years
b. increase for many years
c. not change
d. reach zero population growth within 10 years
e. decrease within 20 years
a. stabilize within 20 years
b. increase for many years
c. not change
d. reach zero population growth within 10 years
e. decrease within 20 years
B
16) All of the following are examples of prezygotic genetic isolating mechanisms EXCEPT:
a. Male fireflies of different species have different flash patterns.
b. Three closely related orchid species flower on different days.
c. The progeny of a cross between two different lizard species fail to develop properly.
d. One species of snake lives in water and another is terrestrial.
e. Peeper frogs mate in April, and tree frogs mate in June.
a. Male fireflies of different species have different flash patterns.
b. Three closely related orchid species flower on different days.
c. The progeny of a cross between two different lizard species fail to develop properly.
d. One species of snake lives in water and another is terrestrial.
e. Peeper frogs mate in April, and tree frogs mate in June.
C
17) The movement of the organic products of photosynthesis from the leaf to the roots is the result of what process?
a. Cellular respiration
b. Replication
c. Germination
d. Transcription
e. Translocation
a. Cellular respiration
b. Replication
c. Germination
d. Transcription
e. Translocation
E
18) All of the following are included in the modern concept of a biological species EXCEPT
a. genetic compatibility
b. viable offspring
c. fertile offspring
d. gene flow inhibition
e. reproductive compatibility
a. genetic compatibility
b. viable offspring
c. fertile offspring
d. gene flow inhibition
e. reproductive compatibility
D
19) AIDS is caused by the retrovirus HIV, which makes DNA complementary to the viral RNA using
a. RNA polymerase
b. beta-galactosidase
c. RNA synthase
d. ATPase
e. reverse transcriptase
a. RNA polymerase
b. beta-galactosidase
c. RNA synthase
d. ATPase
e. reverse transcriptase
E
20) Which two cellular organelles in eukaryotes have both electron transport systems and chemiosmotic mechanisms?
a. Ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum
b. Chloroplasts and endoplasmic reticulum
c. Chloroplasts and mitochondria
d. Mitochondria and nuclei
e. Nuclei and Golgi apparatus
a. Ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum
b. Chloroplasts and endoplasmic reticulum
c. Chloroplasts and mitochondria
d. Mitochondria and nuclei
e. Nuclei and Golgi apparatus
C
21) A plant's lateral roots arise from the
a. endodermis
b. epidermis
c. phloem
d. xylem
e. pericycle
a. endodermis
b. epidermis
c. phloem
d. xylem
e. pericycle
E
22) When a substance moves across the plasma membrane along a concentration gradient at a rate faster than would be expected by simple diffusion alone but without the expenditure of metabolic energy, the process is best described as
a. facilitated diffusion
b. osmosis
c. active transport
d. pinocytosis
e. the work of an ion pump
a. facilitated diffusion
b. osmosis
c. active transport
d. pinocytosis
e. the work of an ion pump
A
23) Which of the following would happen to an individual playing a long game of basketball outdoors on a hot afternoon?
a. The production of thyroxin by the thyroid gland would decrease.
b. The osmotic pressure of the blood would decrease.
c. The volume of urine produced would increase.
d. The concentration of urea in the urine would decrease.
e. The secretion of antidiuretic hormone from the pituitary gland would increase.
a. The production of thyroxin by the thyroid gland would decrease.
b. The osmotic pressure of the blood would decrease.
c. The volume of urine produced would increase.
d. The concentration of urea in the urine would decrease.
e. The secretion of antidiuretic hormone from the pituitary gland would increase.
E
24) The synthesis of protein or carbohydrate polymers always produces which of the following as a byproduct?
a. ATP
b. Oxygen
c. Carbon dioxide
d. Urea
e. Water
a. ATP
b. Oxygen
c. Carbon dioxide
d. Urea
e. Water
E
25) Most photosynthesis in typical C3 angiosperms takes place in the
a. palisade mesophyll
b. spongy mesophyll
c. epidermis
d. pericycle
e. vascular bundles
a. palisade mesophyll
b. spongy mesophyll
c. epidermis
d. pericycle
e. vascular bundles
A
26) Early spring flowers growing in a deciduous forest are adapted for that habitat in which of the following ways?
a. They carry out their life cycles in dense shade.
b. They take advantage of the greater amount of light available before the full development of tree leaves.
c. The forest litter provides a course of carbohydrates needed for flowering.
d. Early spring flowers and trees in a deciduous forest participate in a mutualistic relationship.
e. The tree canopy shades flowering plants from harmful light intensity.
a. They carry out their life cycles in dense shade.
b. They take advantage of the greater amount of light available before the full development of tree leaves.
c. The forest litter provides a course of carbohydrates needed for flowering.
d. Early spring flowers and trees in a deciduous forest participate in a mutualistic relationship.
e. The tree canopy shades flowering plants from harmful light intensity.
B
27) Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in an action potential after stimulation of a neuron?
a. K+ move sin; Na+ moves out.
b. Na+ moves in; K+ moves out.
c. Na+ moves in; Ca++ moves out.
d. Na+ moves in; Cl- moves out.
e. K+ moves in; organic anions move out.
a. K+ move sin; Na+ moves out.
b. Na+ moves in; K+ moves out.
c. Na+ moves in; Ca++ moves out.
d. Na+ moves in; Cl- moves out.
e. K+ moves in; organic anions move out.
B
28) Which of the following is true of intercellular junctions, such as tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions?
a. They are specialized forms of communication among nerve cells.
b. They are of primary importance in the contraction of skeletal muscle fibers.
c. They are equally distributed among all tissue types.
d. They help to integrate cells into a functioning unit.
e. They aid in distributing DNA among cells.
a. They are specialized forms of communication among nerve cells.
b. They are of primary importance in the contraction of skeletal muscle fibers.
c. They are equally distributed among all tissue types.
d. They help to integrate cells into a functioning unit.
e. They aid in distributing DNA among cells.
D
29) A person with a systolic blood pressure of 120 mm Hg and a diastolic blood pressure of 80 mm Hg typically has a mean arterial blood pressure of 90 mm Hg. Which of the following offers the best explanation for why the mean arterial blood pressure is 90 mm Hg, and not the average of the two pressures (100 mm Hg)?
a. The systolic blood pressure is higher than the diastolic blood pressure.
b. The quantity of fluid in the person's circulatory system must be greater during the diastole.
c. The diastole of the heart lasts longer than the systole of the heart.
d. The systolic blood pressure is not as high as the diastolic blood pressure.
e. Angiotensin, produced from a blood protein by renin, elevates the diastolic blood pressure.
a. The systolic blood pressure is higher than the diastolic blood pressure.
b. The quantity of fluid in the person's circulatory system must be greater during the diastole.
c. The diastole of the heart lasts longer than the systole of the heart.
d. The systolic blood pressure is not as high as the diastolic blood pressure.
e. Angiotensin, produced from a blood protein by renin, elevates the diastolic blood pressure.
C
30) The picture above (slide 3) represents some stages in the early development of any embryo. In which of the stages does gastrulation begin?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 5
E
31) Which of the following characteristics is shared by echinoderms and chordates?
a. Radial symmetry
b. Dorsal hollow nerve cord
c. Deuterostome development
d. Pharyngeal gill slits
e. Spiral determinate cleavage
a. Radial symmetry
b. Dorsal hollow nerve cord
c. Deuterostome development
d. Pharyngeal gill slits
e. Spiral determinate cleavage
C
32) During mitosis, which of the following normally occurs?
a. Homologous chromosomes pair.
b. Replicated chromosomes line up on the equatorial plate.
c. Tetrads form.
d. Unreplicated chromosomes become oriented in the center of the cell.
e. Maternal and paternal chromatids pair.
a. Homologous chromosomes pair.
b. Replicated chromosomes line up on the equatorial plate.
c. Tetrads form.
d. Unreplicated chromosomes become oriented in the center of the cell.
e. Maternal and paternal chromatids pair.
B
33) Which of the following is a symbiotic relationship that was probably present in the first terrestrial plants and is still important for the mineral nutrition of present-day angiosperms?
a. Mycorrhizae
b. Lichens
c. Insects pollinating flowers
d. Carnivorous plants feeding on insects
e. Epiphytes growing on a tree trunk
a. Mycorrhizae
b. Lichens
c. Insects pollinating flowers
d. Carnivorous plants feeding on insects
e. Epiphytes growing on a tree trunk
A
34) Nine percent of a population is homozygous recessive (aa) at a certain locus. Assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium, which of the following is closest to the frequency of the recessive allele (a)?
a. 0.09
b. 0.27
c. 0.30
d. 0.90
e. 0.97
a. 0.09
b. 0.27
c. 0.30
d. 0.90
e. 0.97
C
35) A characteristic shared by fungi and protists is that both are generally
a. aerobic
b. haploid at all stages
c. composed of mycelia
d. propagated by spores
e. capable of phagocytosis
a. aerobic
b. haploid at all stages
c. composed of mycelia
d. propagated by spores
e. capable of phagocytosis
A
36) Which of the following factors is the most effective in changing the allele frequency in a natural population?
a. Large population size
b. Low rate of mutation
c. Negligible migration
d. Random mating
e. Selection
a. Large population size
b. Low rate of mutation
c. Negligible migration
d. Random mating
e. Selection
E
37) In the process of succession, which of the following is true of K-selected plant species?
a. They keep their carrying capacity at a minimum level.
b. They usually reproduce early in life.
c. They are usually found in climax stages of succession.
d. They are the dominant species in early stages of succession.
e. They have a short lifespan.
a. They keep their carrying capacity at a minimum level.
b. They usually reproduce early in life.
c. They are usually found in climax stages of succession.
d. They are the dominant species in early stages of succession.
e. They have a short lifespan.
C
37) Which of the following produces the secondary tissues of trees?
a. Sapwood
b. Cork
c. Vascular cambium
d. Heartwood
e. Cortex
a. Sapwood
b. Cork
c. Vascular cambium
d. Heartwood
e. Cortex
C
39) 1. Appearance of terrestrial plants
2. Appearance of chloroplasts
3. Formation of complex organic compounds
4. Development of photosynthetic organisms
5. Development of anaerobic prokaryotes
From the list above, which is the most likely chronological order of events, from oldest to most recent, in the history of Earth?
a. 1, 2, 4, 5, 3
b. 3, 2, 5, 4, 1
c. 3, 5, 4, 2, 1
d. 5, 2, 3, 1, 4
e. 5, 2, 4, 3, 1
2. Appearance of chloroplasts
3. Formation of complex organic compounds
4. Development of photosynthetic organisms
5. Development of anaerobic prokaryotes
From the list above, which is the most likely chronological order of events, from oldest to most recent, in the history of Earth?
a. 1, 2, 4, 5, 3
b. 3, 2, 5, 4, 1
c. 3, 5, 4, 2, 1
d. 5, 2, 3, 1, 4
e. 5, 2, 4, 3, 1
C
40) An airtight, temperature-controlled glass box containing actively growing tomato plants was placed under a light source. Plastic wrapping that only transmits green light was placed over the box, and two days later air samples from inside the box were collected and analyzed. The most likely change in air quality is
a. an increase in nitrogen (N2)
b. an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2)
c. an increase in oxygen (O2)
d. a decrease in nitrogen (N2)
e. a decrease in carbon dioxide (CO2)
a. an increase in nitrogen (N2)
b. an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2)
c. an increase in oxygen (O2)
d. a decrease in nitrogen (N2)
e. a decrease in carbon dioxide (CO2)
B
41) Which of the following parts of the vertebrate brain is most closely associated with motor (muscular) coordination?
a. The hypothalamus
b. The medulla oblongata
c. The pineal body
d. The thalamus
e. The cerebellum
a. The hypothalamus
b. The medulla oblongata
c. The pineal body
d. The thalamus
e. The cerebellum
E
42) Which of the following cells or structures in flowering plants is a part of the gametophyte generation and therefore haploid?
a. A flower petal cell
b. A cell from the filament
c. A cell from the style
d. A megaspore
e. The endosperm
a. A flower petal cell
b. A cell from the filament
c. A cell from the style
d. A megaspore
e. The endosperm
D
43) Which of the following accurately describes the sequence of tissues from the pith outward to the cork in a woody stem?
a. Secondary xylem, primary xylem, vascular cambium, cortex, primary phloem, secondary phloem, and cork cambium
b. Primary xylem, secondary xylem, vascular cambium, secondary phloem, primary phloem, cortex, and cork cambium
c. Primary xylem, secondary xylem, secondary phloem, primary phloem, cork cambium, cortex, and vascular cambium
d. Primary xylem, secondary xylem, vascular cambium, primary phloem, secondary phloem, cortex, and cork cambium
e. Cortex, secondary xylem, primary xylem, vascular cambium, primary phloem, secondary phloem, and cork cambium
a. Secondary xylem, primary xylem, vascular cambium, cortex, primary phloem, secondary phloem, and cork cambium
b. Primary xylem, secondary xylem, vascular cambium, secondary phloem, primary phloem, cortex, and cork cambium
c. Primary xylem, secondary xylem, secondary phloem, primary phloem, cork cambium, cortex, and vascular cambium
d. Primary xylem, secondary xylem, vascular cambium, primary phloem, secondary phloem, cortex, and cork cambium
e. Cortex, secondary xylem, primary xylem, vascular cambium, primary phloem, secondary phloem, and cork cambium
B
44) Which of the following is the best example of the behavior unit known as a fixed action pattern (FAP)?
a. Imprinting in newborn ducklings.
b. Egg retrieval in nesting geese
c. Echolocation in porpoises
d. Salivation in dogs
e. Celestial navigation in birds
a. Imprinting in newborn ducklings.
b. Egg retrieval in nesting geese
c. Echolocation in porpoises
d. Salivation in dogs
e. Celestial navigation in birds
B
45) The first cell of the sporophyte generation in the life cycle of a pine tree is represented by the
a. zygote
b. microspore mother cell
c. microspore
d. pollen grain
e. polar nucleus
a. zygote
b. microspore mother cell
c. microspore
d. pollen grain
e. polar nucleus
A
46) The hypothesis of punctuated equilibrium was proposed by Eldredge and Gould to explain the apparent long-term genetic stability of
a. many species occupying the same niche in an ecosystem
b. organisms that encounter many environmental changes
c. climax communities resulting from ecological succession
d. some species as evidenced by the fossil record
e. certain alleles common to a wide variety of organisms
a. many species occupying the same niche in an ecosystem
b. organisms that encounter many environmental changes
c. climax communities resulting from ecological succession
d. some species as evidenced by the fossil record
e. certain alleles common to a wide variety of organisms
D
47) The activation of the secondary immune response begins with which of the following?
a. Antibodies
b. Killer T-cells
c. Memory cells
d. Mast cells
e. Suppressor T-cells
a. Antibodies
b. Killer T-cells
c. Memory cells
d. Mast cells
e. Suppressor T-cells
C
48) Many animal trainers give rewards to an animal when it performs a behavior correctly. This type of learning is called
a. insight learning
b. operant conditioning
c. imprinting
d. innate learning
e. habituation
a. insight learning
b. operant conditioning
c. imprinting
d. innate learning
e. habituation
B
50) Activated by directly binding to GTP
a. Adenylate cyclase
b. G-protein
c. Carrier protein
d. cAMP
e. Ion channel receptor protein
a. Adenylate cyclase
b. G-protein
c. Carrier protein
d. cAMP
e. Ion channel receptor protein
B
51) Catalyzes the formation of cytosolic second-messenger molecules
a. Adenylate cyclase
b. G-protein
c. Carrier protein
d. cAMP
e. Ion channel receptor protein
a. Adenylate cyclase
b. G-protein
c. Carrier protein
d. cAMP
e. Ion channel receptor protein
A
52) Enhances the transport of lipophilic signals in the blood
a. Adenylate cyclase
b. G-protein
c. Carrier protein
d. cAMP
e. Ion channel receptor protein
a. Adenylate cyclase
b. G-protein
c. Carrier protein
d. cAMP
e. Ion channel receptor protein
C
53) Serves as an intracellular second-messenger molecule
a. Adenylate cyclase
b. G-protein
c. Carrier protein
d. cAMP
e. Ion channel receptor protein
a. Adenylate cyclase
b. G-protein
c. Carrier protein
d. cAMP
e. Ion channel receptor protein
D
54) This protein requires iron as a cofactor.
a. Keratin
b. Hemoglobin
c. Actin
d. Insulin
e. Pepsin
a. Keratin
b. Hemoglobin
c. Actin
d. Insulin
e. Pepsin
B
55) This protein functions in muscle contraction.
a. Keratin
b. Hemoglobin
c. Actin
d. Insulin
e. Pepsin
a. Keratin
b. Hemoglobin
c. Actin
d. Insulin
e. Pepsin
C
56) This is the principal protein component of skin.
a. Keratin
b. Hemoglobin
c. Actin
d. Insulin
e. Pepsin
a. Keratin
b. Hemoglobin
c. Actin
d. Insulin
e. Pepsin
A
57) This protein functions optimally in high H+ concentrations.
a. Keratin
b. Hemoglobin
c. Actin
d. Insulin
e. Pepsin
a. Keratin
b. Hemoglobin
c. Actin
d. Insulin
e. Pepsin
E
58) Part of a chromosome breaks away and then reattaches to the same chromosome in reverse orientation.
a. Crossing-over
b. Inversion
c. Translocation
d. Nondisjunction
e. Deletion
a. Crossing-over
b. Inversion
c. Translocation
d. Nondisjunction
e. Deletion
B
59) Part of a chromosome breaks away and attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome
a. Crossing-over
b. Inversion
c. Translocation
d. Nondisjunction
e. Deletion
a. Crossing-over
b. Inversion
c. Translocation
d. Nondisjunction
e. Deletion
C
60) Part of a chromosome lacking a centromere breaks away and does not reattach to another chromosome
a. Crossing-over
b. Inversion
c. Translocation
d. Nondisjunction
e. Deletion
a. Crossing-over
b. Inversion
c. Translocation
d. Nondisjunction
e. Deletion
E
61) Tetrads fail to separate correctly during anaphase in this process.
a. Crossing-over
b. Inversion
c. Translocation
d. Nondisjunction
e. Deletion
a. Crossing-over
b. Inversion
c. Translocation
d. Nondisjunction
e. Deletion
D
62) Broad, flat, deciduous leaves are fan shaped; ovules develop into naked seeds.
(slide 4)
a. Mosses
b. Ferns
c. Conifers
d. Gingkos
e. Angiosperms
(slide 4)
a. Mosses
b. Ferns
c. Conifers
d. Gingkos
e. Angiosperms
D
63) Heart-shaped gametophytes produce swimming sperm; leaves of sporophytes develop from fiddleheads.
(slide 4)
a. Mosses
b. Ferns
c. Conifers
d. Gingkos
e. Angiosperms
(slide 4)
a. Mosses
b. Ferns
c. Conifers
d. Gingkos
e. Angiosperms
B
64) The embryo sac with seven cells and eight nuclei undergoes double fertilization.
(slide 4)
a. Mosses
b. Ferns
c. Conifers
d. Gingkos
e. Angiosperms
(slide 4)
a. Mosses
b. Ferns
c. Conifers
d. Gingkos
e. Angiosperms
E
65) Associated with inactivated DNA
a. Methylation
b. Enhancer activity
c. RNA capping
d. RNA spliceosome activity
e. Reverse transcription
a. Methylation
b. Enhancer activity
c. RNA capping
d. RNA spliceosome activity
e. Reverse transcription
A
66) Protects RNA from hydrolysis
a. Methylation
b. Enhancer activity
c. RNA capping
d. RNA spliceosome activity
e. Reverse transcription
a. Methylation
b. Enhancer activity
c. RNA capping
d. RNA spliceosome activity
e. Reverse transcription
C
67) Selectively removes RNA segments
a. Methylation
b. Enhancer activity
c. RNA capping
d. RNA spliceosome activity
e. Reverse transcription
a. Methylation
b. Enhancer activity
c. RNA capping
d. RNA spliceosome activity
e. Reverse transcription
D
68) Increases RNA polymerase activity
a. Methylation
b. Enhancer activity
c. RNA capping
d. RNA spliceosome activity
e. Reverse transcription
a. Methylation
b. Enhancer activity
c. RNA capping
d. RNA spliceosome activity
e. Reverse transcription
B
69) (slide 5) The banding patterns of the DNA fragments reveal that
a. child 1 and child 2 cannot be biological siblings
b. child 1 and child 3 probably look like the mother
c. the mother cannot be the biological parent of all three children
d. the mother's DNA has the same DNA sequence as the father's DNA
e. child 2 and child 3 inherited all of their DNA from the father
a. child 1 and child 2 cannot be biological siblings
b. child 1 and child 3 probably look like the mother
c. the mother cannot be the biological parent of all three children
d. the mother's DNA has the same DNA sequence as the father's DNA
e. child 2 and child 3 inherited all of their DNA from the father
C
70) (slide 5) All of the following made the separation of these DNA fragments possible EXCEPT
a. the negative charge of the DNA
b. the percentage of G + C bases
c. the porous nature of the gel
d. different fragment sizes
e. positive electrode placement
a. the negative charge of the DNA
b. the percentage of G + C bases
c. the porous nature of the gel
d. different fragment sizes
e. positive electrode placement
B
71) (slide 5) Which of the following is the best explanation for the fragment pattern for individual X?
a. She has only one member of this chromosome pair.
b. She has only one living parent.
c. She is homozygous for this particular DNA fragment.
d. She is the mother's child from another marriage.
e. She is not related to any member of the family being tested.
a. She has only one member of this chromosome pair.
b. She has only one living parent.
c. She is homozygous for this particular DNA fragment.
d. She is the mother's child from another marriage.
e. She is not related to any member of the family being tested.
D
72) (slide 5) All of the following are likely steps that would lead to the production of these gel patterns EXCEPT
a. isolating the DNA from each individual
b. using a different restriction enzyme to treat the DNA of each individual
c. loading the DNA into separate wells in an agarose gel
d. separating the fragments in an electrical field
e. probing the DNA with an oligonucleotide specific to the short repeating sequence
a. isolating the DNA from each individual
b. using a different restriction enzyme to treat the DNA of each individual
c. loading the DNA into separate wells in an agarose gel
d. separating the fragments in an electrical field
e. probing the DNA with an oligonucleotide specific to the short repeating sequence
B
73) (slide 6) What is the most likely identity of protein X?
a. An enzyme that is involved in transcription
b. An electron transport protein that participates in respiration reactions
c. A protein secreted from liver cells into the blood stream that permits proper capillary function
d. An enzyme that participates in the degradation and recycling of cell components
e. A building block of the microtubules that are part of the cytoskeleton
a. An enzyme that is involved in transcription
b. An electron transport protein that participates in respiration reactions
c. A protein secreted from liver cells into the blood stream that permits proper capillary function
d. An enzyme that participates in the degradation and recycling of cell components
e. A building block of the microtubules that are part of the cytoskeleton
D
74) (slide 6) Which of the following correctly shows the order in which protein X moves through the cell?
a. Endoplasmic reticulum -> Golgi apparatus -> lysosomes
b. Endoplasmic reticulum -> Golgi apparatus -> nucleus -> cytoplasm -> lysosomes
c. Extracellular space -> mitochondria -> cytoplasm
d. Golgi apparatus -> cytoplasm -> lysosomes
e. Cytoplasm -> mitochondria -> extracellular space
a. Endoplasmic reticulum -> Golgi apparatus -> lysosomes
b. Endoplasmic reticulum -> Golgi apparatus -> nucleus -> cytoplasm -> lysosomes
c. Extracellular space -> mitochondria -> cytoplasm
d. Golgi apparatus -> cytoplasm -> lysosomes
e. Cytoplasm -> mitochondria -> extracellular space
A
75) (slide 6) The same procedure was repeated with a second protein (protein Y). If the function of Y is protein processing and packaging, the most radioactivity would be found in the
a. Golgi apparatus
b. Nucleus
c. Mitochondria
d. Lysosomes
e. Cytoplasm
a. Golgi apparatus
b. Nucleus
c. Mitochondria
d. Lysosomes
e. Cytoplasm
A
76) (slide 6) In graphing the data from this experiment, the sampling time would be shown on the x-axis because
a. cell components were shown on the y-axis
b. radioactivity level shows the most variation
c. time values are always located on the horizontal axis
d. all quantitative values are represented on the x-axis
e. sampling time is the independent variable
a. cell components were shown on the y-axis
b. radioactivity level shows the most variation
c. time values are always located on the horizontal axis
d. all quantitative values are represented on the x-axis
e. sampling time is the independent variable
E
77) A survey reveals that 25 percent of a population of 1,000 individuals have attached earlobes (are homozygous recessive for the trait). For the following questions, assume that the population fits the parameters of the Hardy-Weinburg law.
What is the frequency of the recessive allele?
a. √0.75
b. 0.75
c. √0.50
d. √0.25
e. 0.25
What is the frequency of the recessive allele?
a. √0.75
b. 0.75
c. √0.50
d. √0.25
e. 0.25
D
78) A survey reveals that 25 percent of a population of 1,000 individuals have attached earlobes (are homozygous recessive for the trait). For the following questions, assume that the population fits the parameters of the Hardy-Weinburg law.
Unlike most natural populations, this population is best characterized in which of the following ways?
a. There is genetic equilibrium.
b. There is gene flow.
c. There is genetic drift.
d. Mutations occur.
e. Mating is nonrandom.
Unlike most natural populations, this population is best characterized in which of the following ways?
a. There is genetic equilibrium.
b. There is gene flow.
c. There is genetic drift.
d. Mutations occur.
e. Mating is nonrandom.
A
79) A survey reveals that 25 percent of a population of 1,000 individuals have attached earlobes (are homozygous recessive for the trait). For the following questions, assume that the population fits the parameters of the Hardy-Weinburg law.
If p equals the frequency of the dominant allele and q equals the frequency of the recessive allele, which of the following terms represents the frequency of the individuals who show the dominant phenotype?
a. pxp
b. qxq
c. 2pq
d. pxp +2pq
e. pxp + qxq
If p equals the frequency of the dominant allele and q equals the frequency of the recessive allele, which of the following terms represents the frequency of the individuals who show the dominant phenotype?
a. pxp
b. qxq
c. 2pq
d. pxp +2pq
e. pxp + qxq
D
80) (slide 7) The fluctuation in blood pressure shown in section I is caused by the
a. systole-diastole cycle
b. the atrial contraction-atrial relaxation cycle
c. comparison of pressure in the artery to pressure in the corresponding vein
d. tidal breathing rate of the subject
e. rhythmic contraction of the veins
a. systole-diastole cycle
b. the atrial contraction-atrial relaxation cycle
c. comparison of pressure in the artery to pressure in the corresponding vein
d. tidal breathing rate of the subject
e. rhythmic contraction of the veins
A
81) (slide 7) The changes in velocity of blood flow seen in section II are most directly influenced by which of the following?
a. The increasing blood pressure within the vessels
b. the distances of the vessels from the heart
c. The volume of blood pumped in one-systole-diastole cycle
d. The cross-sectional area of vessels
e. The thickness of the vessel walls
a. The increasing blood pressure within the vessels
b. the distances of the vessels from the heart
c. The volume of blood pumped in one-systole-diastole cycle
d. The cross-sectional area of vessels
e. The thickness of the vessel walls
D
82) (slide 7) Given the very low pressure for the blood's return to the heart shown in section III, which of the following is NOT a mechanism for assisting blood's movement?
a. The presence of one-way valves embedded in the vein's walls
b. A thoracic pump powered by breathing movements
c. A transpirational pull using hydrogen bonding
d. Skeletal muscle assists
e. The reduced pressure in the relaxing heart chambers after the blood is forced out
a. The presence of one-way valves embedded in the vein's walls
b. A thoracic pump powered by breathing movements
c. A transpirational pull using hydrogen bonding
d. Skeletal muscle assists
e. The reduced pressure in the relaxing heart chambers after the blood is forced out
C
83) (slide 8) Which of the following is the most likely mode of inheritance for the disease?
a. Codominance
b. Autosomal dominant
c. Autosomal recessive
d. Sex-linked dominant
e. Sex-linked recessive
a. Codominance
b. Autosomal dominant
c. Autosomal recessive
d. Sex-linked dominant
e. Sex-linked recessive
C
84) (slide 8) If Individual 2 were to marry a woman with no family history of the disease, which of the following would most likely be true of their children?
a. All of the children would have the disease.
b. None of the children would have the disease.
c. Only the sons would have the disease.
d. All of the sons would be carriers of the disease.
e. None of the daughters would be carriers of the disease.
a. All of the children would have the disease.
b. None of the children would have the disease.
c. Only the sons would have the disease.
d. All of the sons would be carriers of the disease.
e. None of the daughters would be carriers of the disease.
B
85) (slide 8) If Individual 6 marries a woman with the disease, what is the probability that their first child will have the disease?
a. 0
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%
e. 100%
a. 0
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%
e. 100%
C
86) (slide 9) Based on the data shown, changes in the light intensity resulted in changes in the rate of which of the following processes?
a. excretion
b. photosynthesis
c. respiration
d. translation
e. transcription
a. excretion
b. photosynthesis
c. respiration
d. translation
e. transcription
B
87) (slide 9) The rate of oxygen production equaled the rate of oxygen consumption during which of the following time periods?
a. G to H
b. H to I
c. I to J
d. J to K
e. G to K
a. G to H
b. H to I
c. I to J
d. J to K
e. G to K
D
88) (slide 9) An increase in the rate of oxygen production by algae would be accompanied by a comparable increase in the rate of production of which of the following substances?
a. C6H12O6
b. CO2
c. CH4
d. NH3
e. H2O
a. C6H12O6
b. CO2
c. CH4
d. NH3
e. H2O
A
89) (slide 10) The population density at point Q indicates that
a. exponential population growth is occurring
b. predation is beginning to occur
c. the reproductive rate equals the death rate
d. the average age of individuals is decreasing
e. the reproductive capacity for each individual is increasing
a. exponential population growth is occurring
b. predation is beginning to occur
c. the reproductive rate equals the death rate
d. the average age of individuals is decreasing
e. the reproductive capacity for each individual is increasing
C
90) (slide 10) The population would be most likely to remain at the level shown at Q under which of the following conditions?
a. All predators are eliminated.
b. The population size is well below its carrying capacity.
c. Euglena is a primary producer.
d. Euglena is a primary consumer.
e. Environmental conditions do not fluctuate.
a. All predators are eliminated.
b. The population size is well below its carrying capacity.
c. Euglena is a primary producer.
d. Euglena is a primary consumer.
e. Environmental conditions do not fluctuate.
E
91) (slide 11) From the data presented, which of the following can correctly be concluded about crayfish?
a. Their diet contains no fat.
b. Most digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach.
c. Most digestive enzymes are found in the digestive gland.
d. Amylase is produced in the esophagus.
e. The primary function of the intestine is to digest proteins.
a. Their diet contains no fat.
b. Most digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach.
c. Most digestive enzymes are found in the digestive gland.
d. Amylase is produced in the esophagus.
e. The primary function of the intestine is to digest proteins.
C
92) (slide 11) Based on the data presented, which of the following statements regarding crayfish digestion is consistent with the data?
a. Little digestion occurs before food enters the stomach.
b. Most digestion occurs in the stomach.
c. Little digestion occurs in the intestine.
d. Enzymes are used up as they catalyze.
e. Digestion is optimal at 25 degrees C.
a. Little digestion occurs before food enters the stomach.
b. Most digestion occurs in the stomach.
c. Little digestion occurs in the intestine.
d. Enzymes are used up as they catalyze.
e. Digestion is optimal at 25 degrees C.
C
93) (slide 11) The experiment demonstrates which of the following about the digestive system of crayfish?
a. Amylase is the most active digestive enzyme.
b. Crayfish have only three kinds of digestive enzymes.
c. Most enzyme activity occurs in the intestine.
d. Different regions of the digestive system are specialized for different functions.
e. The esophagus serves no real function.
a. Amylase is the most active digestive enzyme.
b. Crayfish have only three kinds of digestive enzymes.
c. Most enzyme activity occurs in the intestine.
d. Different regions of the digestive system are specialized for different functions.
e. The esophagus serves no real function.
D
94) (slide 11) Which of the following would be useful as a substrate to measure the activity of amylase in crayfish?
a. Cellulose
b. Starch
c. Glucose
d. An amino acid
e. A nucleic acid
a. Cellulose
b. Starch
c. Glucose
d. An amino acid
e. A nucleic acid
B
95) Researchers applied radioactive phosphorus and radioactive calcium to a freshly cut tree stump. Eight days later, they came back to measure the distribution of the radioisotopes. They found that nineteen different species of shrubs and trees within a seven-meter radius had taken up the radioactive elements. No radioactivity was detected in the air.
Radioactive isotopes were never detected in any samples containing just soil taken during the experiment. The finding implies that the
a. soil does not provide the ecosystem with minerals
b. isotopes were undetectable in very small amounts
c. isotopes were transported via vascular tissues
d. plants quickly return minerals to the soil in which they grow
e. soil speeds up radioactive decay
Radioactive isotopes were never detected in any samples containing just soil taken during the experiment. The finding implies that the
a. soil does not provide the ecosystem with minerals
b. isotopes were undetectable in very small amounts
c. isotopes were transported via vascular tissues
d. plants quickly return minerals to the soil in which they grow
e. soil speeds up radioactive decay
C
96) Researchers applied radioactive phosphorus and radioactive calcium to a freshly cut tree stump. Eight days later, they came back to measure the distribution of the radioisotopes. They found that nineteen different species of shrubs and trees within a seven-meter radius had taken up the radioactive elements. No radioactivity was detected in the air.
Radioactively labeled starch was later added to the stump; in subsequent observations, no labeled starch molecules were ever detected in neighboring plants. Which of the following is the most logical explanation for the observation?
a. During transport, the radioactive atoms are removed from the starch molecules.
b. Starch molecules are too large to cross cell membranes.
c. The radioactivity caused the starch molecules to break down.
d. Water in the soil dissolved the starch molecules.
e. The radioactive carbon atoms decayed into other atoms that are undetectable.
Radioactively labeled starch was later added to the stump; in subsequent observations, no labeled starch molecules were ever detected in neighboring plants. Which of the following is the most logical explanation for the observation?
a. During transport, the radioactive atoms are removed from the starch molecules.
b. Starch molecules are too large to cross cell membranes.
c. The radioactivity caused the starch molecules to break down.
d. Water in the soil dissolved the starch molecules.
e. The radioactive carbon atoms decayed into other atoms that are undetectable.
B
97) (slide 12) Which of the following best describes why the disks rose to the surface faster in the more concentrated hydrogen peroxide solutions?
a. There was more enzyme present in the more concentrated solutions.
b. A greater amount of heat was generated in the more concentrated solutions.
c. The more concentrated solutions lowered the activation energy of the reaction.
d. The higher substrate concentrations in the more concentrated solutions speeded the reaction.
e. The density of the water was lower in the more concentrated solutions.
a. There was more enzyme present in the more concentrated solutions.
b. A greater amount of heat was generated in the more concentrated solutions.
c. The more concentrated solutions lowered the activation energy of the reaction.
d. The higher substrate concentrations in the more concentrated solutions speeded the reaction.
e. The density of the water was lower in the more concentrated solutions.
D
98) (slide 12) Which of the following experimental designs should the students use as a control for the experiment?
a. Place a catalase-soaked disk in a beaker of water.
b. Drop the disks from different heights into the solution.
c. Poke the floating disks back down to the bottom of the beaker and retime the rise of the disks.
d. Shake the beakers during the time the disks are rising.
e. Dip the disks in the 5% solution before putting them in any other solution.
a. Place a catalase-soaked disk in a beaker of water.
b. Drop the disks from different heights into the solution.
c. Poke the floating disks back down to the bottom of the beaker and retime the rise of the disks.
d. Shake the beakers during the time the disks are rising.
e. Dip the disks in the 5% solution before putting them in any other solution.
A
99) (slide 12) Which of the following best describes why ice was used during this experiment?
a. To increase the activity of the enzyme
b. To retard the breakdown of the catalase
c. To purge the solution of excess air trapped during blending
d. To slow the catalase molecules to increase the probability of contact with the hydrogen peroxide molecules
e. To increase the size of the active site on the enzyme
a. To increase the activity of the enzyme
b. To retard the breakdown of the catalase
c. To purge the solution of excess air trapped during blending
d. To slow the catalase molecules to increase the probability of contact with the hydrogen peroxide molecules
e. To increase the size of the active site on the enzyme
B
100) (slide 12) If the potato solution was boiled for 10 minutes and cooled for 10 minutes before being tested, the average time for the disks to float to the surface of the hydrogen peroxide solution would be
a. less than 1 second
b. 5 seconds
c. 10 seconds
d. 30 seconds
e. more than 30 seconds
a. less than 1 second
b. 5 seconds
c. 10 seconds
d. 30 seconds
e. more than 30 seconds
E