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Cell Therapy

Terms in this set (16)

Types of Cell Therapy
Blood Transfusion
Organ Transplants
Bone Marrow Transplantation
Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation
Embryonic Stem Cells
Therapeutic/Reproductive Cloning
Stem Cell
A cell that has the ability to continuously divide and differentiate (develop) into various other kind(s) of cells/tissues
Stem Cell: Classification
Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent
Progenitor
Totipotent
can differentiate into any cell type in the body plus the placenta, which nourishes the embryo. A fertilized egg is a type of totipotent stem cell. Cells produced in the first few divisions of the fertilized egg are also totipotent.
Pluripotent stem cells
descendants of the totipotent stem cells of the embryo. These cells, which develop about four days after fertilization, can differentiate into any cell type, except for totipotent stem cells and the cells of the placenta.
Multipotent
descendents of pluripotent stem cells and antecedents of specialized cells in particular tissues. For example, hematopoietic stem cells, which are found primarily in the bone marrow, give rise to all of the cells found in the blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Another example is neural stem cells, which can differentiate into nerve cells and neural support cells called glia.
Progenitor
can produce only one cell type. For example, erythroid progenitor cells differentiate into only red blood cells.
Teratoma?
tumor that originates from a germ cell (precursors for both egg and sperm cells), hence its ability to form such a bizarre array of tissue
Embryonic Stem Cells: Generation
involves reproduction and destruction of embryos after they reach the blastocyst stage of development. The lines approved for research by the US government were derived mainly from unused embryos from IVF.
Embryonic Stem Cells: Advantage
The genetic diversity of the existing lines limits their utility

Many of the cell lines have been propagated on mouse
"feeder" cells raising the concern of contamination with
foreign viruses. New methods avoid this dilemma.

Many of the existing cell lines have been found to have genetic
abnormalities.
Optional Stem Cell Approach
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
Parthenogenesis
Adult Stem Cells
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
donor egg is enucleated and donor nuclei injected. This method offers great promise because it eliminates concerns of immune rejection. Until this process is more developed it is not a practical therapeutic. Also, the use of adult DNA has its own concerns
Parthenogenesis
form of reproduction in which the ovum develops into a new individual with out fertilization.
Adult Stem Cells
These "multipotent" stem cells are less flexible than ESCs and are typically only able to form cells of the tissue in which they reside.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
The activation of expression of key transcription factor genes
will result in de-differentiation of committed cells.
Key Elements Involved in Developing
Stem Cells as a Therapeutic
Derivation-Can you obtain viable stem cells?

Expansion-Can you get the cells to grow normally-aneuploidy?

Differentiation-Can you get the cells to form desired tissue type?

Transplantation and Function-Can you get the cells into the desired target and to perform required physiological function?
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