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Neuroanatomy

Terms in this set (43)

cerebral cortex
outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres consisting mostly of large neurons and their branches
gyrus
ridged portion of convoluted brain surface
sulcus
furrow in convoluted brain surface
frontal lobes
most anterior portion of cerebral cortex. movement and high level cognition.
parietal lobes
behind frontal lobe on the dorsal side of the brain. sensory info from body and spatial cognition.
central sulcus
division between frontal and parietal lobes
temporal lobes
large lateral cortical regions of each cerebral hemisphere, continuous with parietal lobes posteriorly. auditory processing, learning, memory, sense of smell.
sylvian fissure
deep sulcus separating frontal and temporal lobes
occipital lobes
large regions of cortex covering much of the posterior part of each cerebral hemisphere. vision.
postcentral gyrus
strip of parietal cortex behind central sulcus that receives somatosensory information from the body (sense of touch)
precentral gyrus
strip of frontal cortex in front of central sulcus that is crucial for motor control
corpus callosum
the main band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres
white matter
a shiny layer underneath the cortex that consists largely of axons with white myelin sheaths
gray matter
areas of the brain that are dominated by cell bodies and largely myelin-free
neural tube
an embryonic structure with subdivisions that correspond to the future forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
forebrain
aka prosencephalon. anterior division of the brain containing the telencephalon, diencephalon, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
brainstem
midbrain, pons, and medulla
midbrain
aka mesencephalon. middle division of the brain. contains superior and inferior colliculi
superior colliculi
paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that receive visual information and are involved in direction of visual gaze and visual attention to intended stimuli
inferior colliculi
paired gray matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that receive auditory information
tectum
the dorsal section of the midbrain consisting of the superior and inferior colliculi
hindbrain
aka rhombencephalon. rear division of the brain containing the cerebellum and the metencephalon (pons and medulla).
metencephalon
pons and medulla
cerebellum
structure with elaborate surface convolutions located at the back of the brain, dorsal to the pons, that is involved in the central regulation of movement
parallel fibers
axons from granule cells that make up the cerebellum's outer layer
Purkinje cells
type of large nerve cell in the middle layer of the cerebellum
granule cell
small nerve cell in the third and deepest layer of the cerebellum whose axons extend to the surface to form parallel fibers
pons
portion of the mesencephalon; part of the brainstem connecting midbrain to medulla
red nucleus
part of brainstem related to motor control
reticular formation
structure stretching from thalamus in the midbrain to the medulla in the brainstem. arousal (waking).
myelencephalon
aka the medulla. posterior part of the hindbrain, continuous with the spinal cord.
limbic system
a loosely defined, widespread group of brain nuclei that innervate each other to form a network critical for emotion and learning
amygdala
grou pof nuclei in the medial anterior part of the temporal lobe. emotional regulation, fear, and odor perception.
hippocampus
medial temporal lobe structure important for learning and memory.
fornix
fiber tract that extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary body. learning and memory.
cingulate gyrus
strip of cortex in each hemisphere found in frontal and parietal midline; implicated in many cognitive functions including attention.
olfactory bulb
anterior projection of the brain that terminates in the upper nasal passages and, through small openings in the skull, provides receptors for smell
meninges
three protective sheets of tissue around the brain and spinal cord - dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
cerebrospinal fluid
fluid that fills the cerebral ventricles, acting as a shock absorber and a medium through which materials can be exchanged between blood and brain tissue
lateral ventricles
each side of the brain contains a lateral ventricle that extends into all four hemispheres of the brain
choroid plexus
membrane lining lateral ventricles that produces CSF by filtering blood
third ventricle
midline ventricle that conducts CSF from the lateral ventricle to the fourth ventricle
fourth ventricle
passageway within the pons that receives CSF from the third ventricle and releases it to surround the brain and spinal cord. CSF is then absorbed back into the circulatory system through large veins beneath the top of the skull.
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