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Rad Protections Chapters 1, 2, 4

Terms in this set (303)

Acronym for as low as reasonably achievable
ALARA
One of the three basic principles of radiation protection
Time, Distance, Shielding
A subunit of the sievert equal to 1/1000 of a sievert
Millisievert (mSv)
Method for comparing the amount of radiation received from a radiologic procedure with natural background radiation received over a specific period of time such as days, weeks, months or years
BERT
Effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation
Radiation Protection
Term that is synonymous with the acronym ALARA
Optimization for Radiation Protection
The degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease in a patient
Diagnostic Efficacy
Damage to living tissue of animals and humans exposed to radiation
Biologic Effects
SI unit of measure for the radiation quantity, "equivalent dose"
Sv
Entrance skin exposure; surface of the skin where x-radiation enters the patient's body, resulting in an area of maximum exposure
ESE
Year in which x-rays were discovered
1895
Have the responsibility to select technical exposure factors that significantly reduce radiation exposure to patients and themselves
Radiologic Technologists
Produces positively and negatively charged particles (ions) when passing through matter
Ionizing Radiation
Radiation exposure received by persons not employed in the medical imaging profession (e.g., patients, the general public)
Nonoccupational Doses
Which of the following increases radiation exposure for both the patient and the radiographer?
A. Production of optimal quality images with the first exposure
B. Use of appropriate radiation protection procedures
C. Repeated radiographic exposures as a result of technical error or carelessness
D. Limited radiographic examination, as ordered by the radiologist
C. Repeated radiographic exposures as a result of technical error or carelessness
To implement an effective radiation safety program in a facility that provides imaging services, the employer must provide all of the following except:
A. An appropriate environment in which to execute an ALARA program and the necessary resources to support the program
B. X-ray equipment that can produce only very low kilovoltage and very high milliamperage
C. A written policy that describes the ALARA program and identifies management's commitment to keeping all radiation exposure as low as reasonably achievable
D. Periodic exposure audits to determine ways to lower radiation exposure in the workplace
B. X-ray equipment that can produce only very low kilovoltage and very high milliamperage
Occupational and nonoccupational doses will remain well below maximum allowable levels when:
A. Radiographers and radiologists keep exposure as low as reasonably achievable.
B. Referring physicians stop ordering imaging procedures.
C. Orders for imaging procedures are determined only by medical insurance companies.
D. Patients assume sole responsibility for ordering their imaging procedures.
A. Radiographers and radiologists keep exposure as low as reasonably achievable.
Radiation has been present on earth since:
A. It's beginning
B. The fourteenth century
C. The eighteenth century
D. The Twentieth century
A. It's beginning
How can humans safely control the use of radiant energy?
1. By using knowledge of radiation-induced hazards that have been gained over many years
2. By employing effective methods to limit or eliminate radiation-induced hazards
3. By completely eliminating the use of radiation in the healing arts

A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3
A. 1 and 2 only
In medicine, when radiation safety principles are correctly applied during imaging procedures, the energy deposited in living tissue by the radiation can be limited. This results in:
A. Completely eliminating the possibility for reducing the potential for adverse effects
B. No change in the possibility for reducing the potential for adverse effects
C. Increasing the potential for adverse effects
D. Reducing the potential for adverse effects
D. Reducing the potential for adverse effects
To reduce radiation exposure to the patient:
1. Reduce the amount of the x-ray "beam on" time
2. Utilize as much distance as warranted between the x-ray tube and the patient for the examination
3. Shield the patient with appropriate gonadal and/or specific area shielding devices

A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
D. 1, 2 and 3
During a routine radiologic examination, when radiographers use their intelligence and knowledge to answer patient questions about the risk of radiation exposure honestly, they can do much to alleviate any patient:
1. Apprehension
2. Confidence
3. Fears
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3
B. 1 and 3 only
Certain individual radiologic procedures need to have patient dose dictated into every radiologic report. These procedures include:
1. Computed tomography
2. General fluoroscopy
3. Interventional procedures

A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1,2 and 3
D. 1,2 and 3
Effective radiation protection measures take into consideration:
1. Both human and environmental physical determinants
2. Technical elements
3. Procedural Factors

A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1,2, and 3
D. 1,2, and 3
When illness or injury occurs or when a specific imaging procedure for health screening purposes is prudent, a patient may:
A. Be forced by the referring physician to assume a large risk of exposure to ionizing radiation to obtain unnecessary diagnostic medical information
B. Be forced by the referring physician to assume the relatively large risk of exposure to ionizing radiation to obtain essential diagnostic information
C. Elect to assume the relatively large risk of exposure to ionizing radiation to obtain essential diagnostic information
D. Elect to assume the relatively small risk of exposure to ionizing radiation to obtain essential diagnostic information
D. Elect to assume the relatively small risk of exposure to ionizing radiation to obtain essential diagnostic information
Any radiation exposure that does not benefit a person in terms of diagnostic information obtained for the clinical management for medical needs or that does not enhance the quality of a radiologic examination is called:
A. artificial radiation
B. enhanced natural background radiation
C. human-made radiation
D. unnecessary radiation
D. unnecessary radiation
The ALARA philosophy should:
A. Be a main part of every health care facility's personnel radiation control program
B. Be established and maintained because there are no established dose limits for the amount of radiation that patients may receive for individual imaging procedures
C. Show that radiographers and radiologists in a facility have considered reasonable actions that will reduce patient and personnel dose below required limits
D. all of the above
D. all of the above
When an imaging procedure is justified in terms of medical necessity, diagnostic efficacy is achieved when optimal-quality images, revealing the presence or absence of disease, are obtained with:
A. Maximal radiation exposure
B. Minimal radiation exposure
C. Scattered radiation exposure
D. Secondary radiation exposure
B. Minimal radiation exposure
For the welfare of patients and the workers, facilities providing imaging services must have:
A. An effective radiation safety program
B. An inspection of the imaging department every day by nationally recognized authorities
C. An inspection of the imaging department every day by state recognized authorities
D. A strong legal team to suppress potential lawsuits that result from poor radiologic practice
A. An effective radiation safety program
When radiation is safely and purdently used in the imaging of patients, the benefit of the exposure can be ____ while the potential risk of biologic damage is _____
A. minimized, maximized
B. maximized, minimized
C. minimized, minimized
D. maximized, maximized
B. maximized, minimized
Which of the following basic principles of radiation protection can be applied to both the patient and the radiographer?
1.Time 2.Distance 3.Shielding
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1,2 and 3 only
D. 1,2 and 3 only
Which of the following recommend the use of background Equivalent Radiation Time for improving patient understanding and reducing fear and anxiety associated with having an x-ray procedure?
A. Environmental Protection Agency
B. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
C. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
D. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
C. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
BERT is a:
A.Method of comparison
B. Method of optimizing radiation protection
C. Radiation quantity
D. Radiation unit
A.Method of comparison
Typically, people are more likely to accept a risk if they perceive that:
A They have no other option
B. They have positive assurance that they will have a good outcome in terms of prognosis
C. The potential benefit to be obtained is greater than the risk involved
D. The radiologic procedure will absolutely not cause any pain or discomfort
C. The potential benefit to be obtained is greater than the risk involved
The most effective tool(s) for diagnosing breast cancer continue(s) to be:
A. PA and lateral chest x-ray examinations
B. Clinical breast self-examination
C. Clinical breast examination by a physician
D. Mammography
D. Mammography
The millisievert (mSv), a subunit of the sievert (Sv), is equal to:
A. 1/10,000 of an Sv
B. 1/1000 of an Sv
C. 1/100 of an Sv
D. 1/10 of an Sv
B. 1/1000 of an Sv
Repetition of a radiographic exposure because of poor patient positioning results in:
A. No significant change in total radiation exposure to the patient or the radiographer
B. A slight decrease in total radiation exposure to the patient and the radiographer
C. An increase in total radiation exposure to the patient and the radiographer
D. A significant decrease in total radiation exposure to the patient and the radiographer
C. An increase in total radiation exposure to the patient and the radiographer
TF: X-rays are a form of non ionizing radiation.
False
TF: The sievert (Sv) is the Si unit for EqD.
True
TF: The ability of x-rays to cause injury in normal biologic tissue just became apparent recently.
False
TF: A threshold exists for radiation-induced malignant disease.
False
TF: BERT is based on an annual US population exposure of approx. 1 mSv per year.
False
TF: Diagnostic efficacy provides the basis for determining whether an imaging procedure or practice is justified.
True
TF: The basic principles of time, distance, and shielding can be applied for the safety of both the patient and the radiographer.
True
TF: Human-made radiation is more dangerous than an equal amount of natural radiation.
False
TF: Humans are not continuously exposed to sources of ionizing radiation.
False
TF: BERT is a method of explaining radiation to the public.
True
TF: Radiologic technologists and radiologists are educated in the safe operation of radiation-producing imaging equipment.
True
TF: After ordering an x-ray examination or procedure, the referring physician must accept basic responsibility for protecting the patient from non-useful radiation exposure.
True
TF: It is the responsibility of the referring physician to provide the necessary resources and appropriate environment in which to execute an ALARA program in a health care facility.
False
TF: A health care facility must have a written policy statement describing the Radiation Safety Program. The statement must also identify the commitment of management to keep all radiation exposure ALARA and must be available to al employees in the workplace.
True
TF: In general terms, risk can be defined as the probability of injury, aliment, or death resulting from an activity.
True
TF: BERT implies risk from radiation exposure.
False
TF: There is a need for each radiation-producing modality to record patient radiation dose.
True
TF: Production of high-energy x-ray photons is a consequence of ionization in human cells.
False
TF: Radiation produced from an x-ray tube is an example of controllable radiant energy.
True
TF: Various methods of radiation protection may be applied to ensure safety for persons employed in radiation industries, including medicine, and for the population at large.
True
TF: If a radiographer makes an error in selecting technical radiographic exposure factors for a specific projection of an anatomic body part, the projection can be repeated without an increase in radiation dose for the patient and the radiographer.
False
TF: Most patients are unaware that most of their background radiation comes from artificial radioactivity in their own body.
False
TF: Diagnostic efficacy is not an important part of radiation protection in the healing arts.
False
TF: When radiographers use their intelligence and knowledge to answer a patient's questions about the risk of radiation exposure honestly, they can do much to alleviate the patient's apprehension and fears during a routine radiologic examination.
True
BERT emphasizes that radiation is an ____ part of our environment.
Innate
Radiation exposure should always be kept at the ___ possible level for the general public.
Lowest
Effective radiation protection consists of the tools and techniques primarily designed to ______ radiation exposure while producing _____ diagnostic images.
Minimize, Optimal Quality
When ionizing radiation is used to obtain a mammogram for the welfare of a patient, the directly realized ____ of the exposure to this radiant energy ______ any slight ____ of inducing a radiogenic malignancy of any genetic defect.
Benefits, Far outweigh, Risk
In medicine, when radiation safety principles are applied correctly during imaging procedures, the _____deposited in living tissue by radiation can be limited, thereby reducing the potential for _______.
Energy, Biologic Effects
Diagnostic efficacy is _____ when essential images are produced under recommended radiation protection guidelines.
Maximized
The rationale for ____ comes from evidence compiled by scientists over the past century.
ALARA
Radiologic technologists and radiologists follow ____ procedures.
Established
To use ____ as a basic principle for radiation, a radiographer can reduce the amount of x-ray "beam on" time.
Time
Patients not only should be made aware of what a specific procedure involves and what type of cooperation is required, but also must be informed of what needs to be done, if anything, as a _______ to their examination.
Follow-up
Radiologic technologists and radiologists are educated in the ____ operation of radiation-producing imaging equipment.
Safe
A radiographer should always shield the patient with appropriate _____ and/or ______ shielding.
Gonadal, Specific Area
The ______ concept should serve as a guide for the selection of technical exposure factors.
ALARA
_____ does not imply radiation risk; it is simply a means for comparison.
BERT
Optimal radiographic images should be obtained with the ____ exposure.
First
Radiologic technologists and radiologists use ____ devices whenever possible.
Protective
Management in a health care facility should perform a periodic exposure _____ to determine how radiation exposure in the workplace may be lowered.
Audit
______ understanding of biologic effects associated with diagnostic radiology was gained throughout the twentieth century.
Greater
The millisievert (mSv) is a _____ of the sievert (Sv).
Subunit
X-rays are a form of _____ radiation; therefore, their use in medicine for the detection of disease and injury requires _______ measures.
Ionizing, Protective
Imaging facilities must have an effective radiation safety program that provides patient protection and patient ______.
Education
Ionizing radiation such as x-rays have both a _____ and a _____ potential.
Beneficial, Destructive
Radiographers should select the_____ radiation exposure that produces useful radiographic images.
Smallest
Creation of _____ atoms is a consequence of ionization in healthy tissue.
Unstable
Radiation workers are required to perform their _____ practices in a manner consistent with the ALARA principle.
Occupational
Nuclear power planet severely damaged as a consequence of a 9.0-magnitude earthquake that triggered a tsunami.
Fukushima Daiichi
Radiation produced as a consequence of nuclear weapons testing and chemical explosions in nuclear power plants.
Fallout
Electric and magnetic fields that fluctuate rapidly as they travel through space, including radio waves, microwaves, visible light, and x-rays.
Electromagnetic wave
SI unit for measuring radiation exposure.
Gray
Specified in electron volts (eV)
Energy
Radiation quantity used for radiation protection purposes when a person receives exposure from various types of ionizing radiation (This quantity attempts to specify numerically the differences in transferred energy and therefore potential biologic harm that are produced by different types of radiation).
EqD
An unstable nucleus that emits one or more forms of ionizing radiation to achieve greater stability.
Radionuclide
Organic Damage
Genetic or somatic changes in a living organism (e.g. mutation, cataracts, and leukemia) caused by excessive cellular damage from exposure to ionizing radiation.
Given in units of hertz (Hz) (i.e. cycles per second
Frequency
Radiation quantity that takes into account the dose of all types of ionizing radiation to various irradiated organs or tissues in the human body (By including specific weighting factors for each of those parts of the body, such as skin, gonadal tissue, and thyroid, this quantity takes into account the chance or risk of each of those body parts for developing a radiation-induced cancer or, in the case of the reproductive organs, the risk for genetic damage).
EfD
Biologic effects of ionizing radiation or other agents on generations yet unborn.
Genetic Damage
Natural sources of ionizing radiation that grow larger because of accidental or deliberate human actions, such as mining
Enhanced Natural Sources
Process that is the foundation of interactions of x-rays with human tissue.
Ionization
Positively charged components of an atom.
Protons
Injury on the cellular level caused by sufficient exposure to ionizing radiation at the molecular level
Cellular Damage
Long-lived radioactive elements present in variable quantities in the crust of the earth and emitting densely ionizing radiations.
Terrestrial Radiation
Kinetic energy that passes from one location to another.
Radiation
Identical to a high-speed electron, except it is emitted from the nuclei of radioactive atoms instead of originating in atomic shells outside of the nucleus.
Beta Particle
Containing two protons and two neutrons.
Alpha Particle
The full range of frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Rays of extraterrestrial origin that result from nuclear interactions that have taken place in the sun and other stars.
Cosmic Rays
The number of protons contained within the nucleus of an atom.
Atomic Number
Of the following radiations, which are classified as ionizing radiation?
1. Infrared rays, low-energy ultraviolet radiation, and microwaves.
2. Low-energy ultraviolet radiation, radio waves, and visible light.
3. High-energy ultraviolet radiation (energy>10 eV), gamma rays, and x-rays.
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3
C. 3 only
The amount of energy transferred to electrons by ionizing radiation is the basis of the concept of:
A. Electromagnetic energy
B. Linear acceleration
C. Radioactive decay
D. Radiation dose
D. Radiation dose
According to NRCP report No. 160, which reflects usage patterns through 2006, radon and thoron account for what percentage of natural background radiation exposure?
A. 15%
B. 25%
C. 37%
D. 55%
C. 37%s
Of the following radiations, which are classified as particulate radiations?
1. X-rays and gamma rays
2. Alpha particles and beta particles
3. Gamma rays and high-energy ultraviolet radiation (energy >10eV)
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3
B. 2 only
Beta particles are:
A. 8 times lighter than alpha particles.
B. 80 times lighter than alpha particles.
C. 800 times lighter than alpha particles.
D. 8000 times lighter than alpha particles.
D. 8000 times lighter than alpha particles.
Which of the following places human beings in closer contact with extraterrestrial radiation?
A. Posteroanterior and lateral digital radiographic images of the chest.
B. Deep-sea diving
C. A flight on a commercial airplane
D. Visit to a nuclear power plant
C. A flight on a commercial airplane
What do airport surveillance systems, ionization-type smoke detectors, older luminous dial timepieces, nuclear power plants, and false teeth made of porcelain have in common?
A. They are all sources of natural background radiation.
B. They each contribute 0.05 mSv per year to the equivalent dose received by the global population.
C. They are not sources of ionizing radiation.
D. They are all sources of manmade radiation.
D. They are all sources of manmade radiation
From which of the following sources do human beings receive the largest dose of ionizing radiation?
A. Radioactive fallout from atomic weapons testing.
B. Medical radiation procedures.
C. Cosmic rays.
D. Area around a nuclear reactor.
B. Medical radiation procedures.
Thoron is a radioactive decay product of an isotope of:
A. Carbon
B. Iodine
C. Radon
D. Strontium
C. Radon
Of the following groups of people, which group is most likely to experience adverse health effects as a consequence of substantial exposure to ionizing radiation?
A. Employees on duty at TMI-2 at the time of the 1979 nuclear power plant accident.
B. Members of the general population living within 50 miles of the TMI-2 nuclear reactor at the time of the 1979 accident.
C. Members of the general population living near Kiev in the former Soviet Union at the time of the 1986 accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
D. News reporters visiting the former Soviet Union 10 years after the 1986 Chernobyl accident.
C. Members of the general population living near Kiev in the former Soviet Union at the time of the 1986 accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
Which of the following is a radiation quantity, used for radiation protection purposes, that attempts to specify numerically the differences in transferred energy and therefore potential biologic harm that is produced by different types of radiation?
A. Absorbed dose
B. Effective dose
C. Equivalent dose
D. Exposure
C. Equivalent dose
A 3 year pilot research project was launched in the Republic of Belarus in 1996, in the aftermath of the Chernobyl nuclear accident, to empower local citizens in making their own decisions regarding reconstruction of their overall quality of life; this project was known as the:
A. ALARA program
B. Belarus Health Impact Study
C. Chernobyl Rehabilitation Taskforce
D. ETHOS Project
D. ETHOS Project
As of 2006, the average U.S. inhabitant received an EqD of approximately ____ per year from extraterrestrial radiation.
A. 0.3 mSv
B. 0.6 mSv
C. 0.9 mSv
D. 1.0 mSv
A. 0.3 mSv
The amount of radiation a patient receives may be indicated in terms of:
1. Entrance skin exposure
2. Bone marrow dose
3. Gonadal dose
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3
D. 1, 2, and 3
Russian liquidators who worked during 1986 and 1987 at the Chernobyl nuclear power complex demonstrated a statistically significant rise in the number of:
A. Leukemia cases
B. Liver cancer cases
C. Pancreatic cancer cases
D. Prostate cancer cases
A. Leukemia cases
Ultraviolet radiation less than 10 eV, visible light, infrared rays, microwaves, and radio waves are considered to be nonionizing because they:
A. Have sufficient kinetic energy to eject electrons from atoms.
B. Do not have sufficient kinetic energy to eject electrons from atoms.
C. Have sufficient potential energy to eject electrons from atoms.
D. Do not have sufficient potential energy to eject electrons from atoms.
B. Do not have sufficient kinetic energy to eject electrons from atoms.
Which of the following is a naturally occurring process by which instability of the nucleus is relieved through various types of nuclear spontaneous emissions?
A. Electromagnetic radiation
B. Electromagnetic ionization
C. Radioactive decay
D. Radioactive fallout
C. Radioactive decay
The Frequency of exposure to manmade radiation in medical applications continues to increase rapidly among all age groups in the United States because of:
1. Health insurance requirements
2. Medicolegal considerations
3. Physicians relying more on radiologic diagnosis to assist them in patient care
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3
C. 2 and 3 only
Radioactive elements in the crust of the earth and in the human body may be classified as:
A. Enhanced natural sources of ionizing radiation.
B. Enhanced manmade sources of ionizing radiation.
C. Natural sources of ionizing radiation.
D. Unnatural sources of ionizing radiation.
C. Natural sources of ionizing radiation
Medical radiation procedures account for:
A. The largest manmade dose of ionizing radiation received by humans.
B. The second largest manmade dose of ionizing radiation received by humans.
C. The smallest manmade dose of ionizing radiation received by humans.
D. Negligence manmade doses of ionizing radiation received by humans.
A. The largest manmade dose of ionizing radiation received by humans.
Which of the following commonly used building materials contain(s) radon?
1. Bricks
2. Concrete
3. Gypsum wallboard
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3
D. 1, 2, and 3
The United States performed above-ground nuclear weapons tests before 1963. During the _____, an atomic cloud was created by a 37-kiloton testing device that was exploded from a balloon at the Nevada test site on June 24, 1957. The top of the atomic cloud, which contained manmade ionizing radiation, ascended approximately 43,000 feet.
A. Bikini Test
B. Manhattan Project
C. Priscilla Test
D. Rongelap Project
C. Priscilla Test
Beta particles are identical to _____ except for their origin.
A. Alpha particles
B. Gamma rays
C. High-speed electrons
D. X-rays
C. High-speed electrons
Which of the following identifies an element and determines its placement in the periodic table of elements?
A. Atomic number
B. Atomic weight
C. Combining power
D. Valence
A. Atomic number
White blood cells that defend the body against foreign invaders by producing antibodies to combat disease are:
A. Erythrocytes
B. Granulocytes
C. Lymphocytes
D. Ostocytes
C. Lymphocytes
TF: The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom constitutes the atomic number, or "Z"
True
TF: The total average annual EfD from natural background and manmade radiations combined is 3.6 mSv.
False
TF: Porcelain used for making dentures is a common example of a consumer product that contains radioactive material.
True
TF: From 1920 until approximately 1970, shoe-fitting fluoroscopes were used in stores where shoes were sold so that customers could see how well a pair of shoes fit before purchase.
True
TF: Sunspots indicate regions of decreased electromagnetic field activity and are sometimes responsible for ejecting particulate radiation into space.
False
TF: Radio waves, microwaves, visible light, and x-rays are forms of electromagnetic waves.
True
TF: Particulate radiations do not vary in their ability to penetrate matter.
False
TF: EfD enables the calculation of the EqD.
False
TF: Pilot and flight attendants may be more at risk to receive harmful doses of radiation when compared with workers at a nuclear plant.
True
TF: Most radiation-induced cancers have a latent period of 15 years or more.
True
TF: Atmospheric nuclear testing has escalated since 1980.
False
TF: Color television monitors in use today produce substantial radiation exposure for the general public.
False
TF: Plans are made to cover the remains of Chernobyl reactor unit 4 and the concrete sacrophagus that entombs it with a weatherproof, massive aluminum vault.
False
TF: Sources of ionizing radiation may be natural or manmade.
True
TF: If emitted from a radioisotope deposited in the body (e.g. in the lungs), alpha particles cannot be absorbed in epithelial tissue and therefore are not damaging to that tissue.
False
TF: Because it is extremely difficult to measure the amount of radiation people received in the area near the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant, the long term effects such as an increased incidence of cancer in the exposed population cannot be accurately determined.
True
TF: Because of the large variety of radiologic equipment and differences in imaging procedures and in individual radiologist and radiographer technical skills, the patient dose for each examination varies according to the facility providing imaging services.
True
TF: Wavelength is the physical distance between successive maximum values of electric and magnetic fields.
True
TF: An electron has approximately the same mass as a proton
False
TF: Changes in white blood cell count are a classic example of molecular damage caused by significant exposure to ionizing radiation.
False
TF: Wave-particle duality means that electromagnetic radiation can travel through space in the form of a wave but can interact with matter as a particle of energy.
True
TF: Nonsmokers exposed to high radon levels have a higher risk of lung cancer than smokers.
False
TF: The solar contribution to the cosmic ray background decreases during periods of high sunspot activity.
False
TF: Neutrons are electrically neutral components of an atom.
True
TF: Radon initially does not cling to other particles.
True
The actual _____ _____ to the global population from atomospheric fallout from nuclear weapons testing is not received all at once. It is instead delivered over a period of years at changing _____ _____.
Radiation Dose; Dose Rates
Unfortunate accidents involving nuclear reactors can occur. This can lead to substantial, _____ radiation exposure for humans and the environment.
Unplanned
The aim of the _____ _____ was to rebuild acceptable living conditions for local citizens in contaminated territories in the Ukraine region of Russia by actively involving them in the reconstruction process.
Ethos Project
In pregnant women, ____ _____ may be estimated.
Fetal Dose
The full range of frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic waves is known as the ____ ____.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
The quantity of _____ radiation present in any area depends on the composition of the soil or rocks in that geographic region.
Terrestrial
_____ radiation consists predominantly of high-energy protons.
Cosmic
The tissues of the human body contain many naturally existing ______ which have been ingested in minute quantities from various foods inhaled as particles in the air.
Radionuclides
If a person spends 10 hours flying aboard a commercial aircraft during a period of normal sunspot activity, that individual receives ____ ____ that is about equal to the dose received from one chest x-ray examination.
Equivalent Dose
Medical radiation exposure results from the use of diagnostic ____ ____ and ______ in medicine.
X-ray Machines; Radiopharmaceuticals
The amount of natural background radiation remains fairly ____ from year to year.
Constant
A tremendous explosion on the surface of the sun is called a ____ ____.
Solar Flare
The average dose received by the exposed population living within a 50-mile radius of the TMI nuclear power station was ______.
0.08 mGy.
The unit of equivalent dose is the ____.
Sievert (Sv)
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers ____ to be the second leading cause of cancer in the United States.
Radon
_____ in the soil and air add to the human radiation dose burden.
Radionuclides
The intensity of cosmic rays varies, with altitude relative to the earth's surface. The _____ intensity occurs at high altitudes, and the ____ intensity occurs at sea level.
Greatest; Lowest
The earth's _____ and ____ ____ help shield it from cosmic rays.
Atmosphere; Magnetic Field
____ cancer continues to be the main adverse health effect of the 1986 accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.
Thyroid
The EPA estimates that ____ of the homes in the United States exceed the recommended limit of 4 pCi/L of radon.
10%
Radon is the first decay product of ____.
Radium
During the accident at the TMI-2 nuclear power plant in March 1979, the U.S. Department of Energy estimated that about ____ of the material in the TMI-2 nuclear reactor core reached a ____ state.
40%; Molten
In cooler months, when homes and buildings are tightly closed, radon levels are usually ____.
Higher
Radon is considered to be a ____ gas because it behaves as a free agent that floats around in the soil.
Noble
Percentage of effective dose from Radon & Thoron
3.7%
Percentage of effective dose from Space (background)
5%
Percentage of effective dose from Internal (background)
5%
Percentage of effective dose from Terrestrial (background)
3%
Percentage of effective dose from Computed Tomography (medical)
24%
Percentage of effective dose from Nuclear Medicine (medical)
12%
Percentage of effective dose from Interventional Fluoroscopy (medical)
7%
Percentage of effective dose from Conventional Radiography/Fluoroscopy (medical)
5%
Percentage of effective dose from Consumer
2%
Percentage of effective dose from Occupational
<.1%
Percentage of effective dose from Industrial
<.1%
Which of the following radiation quantities takes into account the dose for all types of ionizing radiation to various irradiated organs or tissues in the human body by including specific weighting factors for each body part of concern and takes into account the chance or risk of each of those body parts for developing a radiation-induced cancer (or, in the case of the reproductive organs, the risk of genetic damage)?
A. Absorbed dose
B. Effective dose
C. Equivalent dose
D. Exposure
B. Effective dose
"Z" number refers to the numbers of:
A. Electrons in the outer shell of an atom
B. Electrons in the nucleus of an atom
C. Neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
D. Protons in the nucleus of an atom
D. Protons in the nucleus of an atom
The EPA considers the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States to be:
A. Diagnostic x-rays
B. Normal exposure to natural background radiation
C. Radon
D. Cosmic Rays
C. Radon
Which of the following is a consumer product that contains radioactive material?
1. Porcelain used to make dentures
2. Airport surveillance systems
3. Video displays terminals that use cathode ray tubes
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3
D. 1, 2, and 3
Blood disorder resulting from bone marrow failure after exposure to ionizing radiation.
Aplastic Anemia
Concept that helps explain the need for a quality, or modifying, factor.
Linear energy transfer (LET)
Allows units to be used interchangeably among all branches of science throughout the world.
SI
Blood disorder resulting in abnormal overproduction of white blood cells after exposure to ionizing radiation.
Leukemia
Kinetic energy released in a unit mass (kilogram) of air.
Air Kerma
Biologic damage to the body caused by exposure to ionizing radiation.
Somatic damage
SI unit used to express D
Gy
A measure of the amount of radiant energy that has been thrust into a portion of the patient's body surface.
Dose area product (DAP)
The photon (either x-ray or gamma ray) exposure that under standard conditions of pressure and temperature produces a total positive or negative ion charge of 2.5 x 10(-4) C/kg of dry air.
R
SI unit for the radiation quantity ColEfD
Person-Sievert
A dimensionless factor (a multiplier) that was chosen for radiation protection purposes to account for differences in biologic impact among various types of ionizing radiation.
Wr
Radiation exposure received by radiation workers in the course of exercising their professional responsibilities.
Occupational exposure
The product of D x Wr x Wt
EfD
A pear shaped, partial vacuum discharge tube. Crookes tube
Crookes tube
Short wavelength, higher energy electromagnetic waves emitted by the nuclei of radioactive substances.
Gamma radiation
Unit used from 1900 to 1930 to measure radiation exposure.
Skin erythema dose
Product of D x Wr
EqD
Radiation quantity that is a particularly useful dose monitor for occupational exposed personnel such as nuclear medicine technologists and interventional radiologists, who are likely to receive possibly significant radiation exposure during the course of a year.
TEDE
SI unit of EqD
Sv
The amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by an irradiated object.
D
Relates the ionization produced in a small cavity within an irradiated medium or object to the energy absorbed in that medium as a result of its radiation exposure.
Bragg-Gray Theory
Fluorescent material that coated the paper used when x-rays were discovered.
Barium Platinocyanide
The amount of ionizing radiation that may strike an object such as the human body when in the vicinity of a radiation source.
Exposure
The kinetic energy released in a unit mass of tissue.
Tissue Kerma
A composite, or weighted average, of the atomic numbers of the many chemical elements comprising the tissue.
Effective atomic number (Zeff)
Which of the following factors must be multiplied to determine the EfD from an x-radiation exposure of an organ or body part?
A. EqD x Wr x D
B. Wt x Wr x ColEfD
C. D x Wr x Wt
D. D x C/kg
C. D x Wr x Wt
Which of the following is the SI unit of radiation exposure that is used for x-ray equipment calibration?
A. C/kg
B. DAP
C. R
D. Sv
A. C/kg
The expression 10(-6) may be symbolically expressed as which of the following?
A. P
B. W
C. S
D. m
D. m
In radiation protection systems no longer in use, a radiation dose to which occupationally exposed persons could be continously subjected without any apparent harmful acute effects, such as erythema of the skin, was known as a(n):
A. Air Kerma
B. Effective dose
C. Tolerance dose
D. Weighted dose
C. Tolerance dose
Early deterministic somatic effects of radiation include:
1. Nausea and fatigue
2. Blood and intestinal disorders
3. Diffuse redness of the skin and shedding of its outer layer.
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3
D. 1, 2, and 3
Which of the following terms describes the amount of energy per unit mass transferred from an x-ray beam to an object in its path such as the human body?
A. SI
B. Exposure
C. Equivalent dose
D. Absorbed dose
D. Absorbed dose
The total amount of radiant energy transferred by ionizing radiation to the body during a radiation exposure defines:
A. Dose area product
B. Effective dose
C. Surface integral dose
D. Total effective dose equivalent
C. Surface integral dose
Fluoroscopic entrance dose rates can now be measured in:
A. keV/mm
B. mGy-cm2
C. mGya/min
D. Person-sievert
C. mGya/min
The EfD is based on which of the following?
A. The energy deposited in biologic tissue by ionizing radiation.
B. The electrical charge produced in a kilogram of dry air by ionizing radiation.
C. The dose of ionizing radiation required to cause diffuse redness over an area of skin.
D. The number of electron-ion pairs in a specific volume of air.
A. The energy deposited in biologic tissue by ionizing radiation.
In radiation protection, which of the following is a measure of the probabilistic health effect on an individual as a result of an intake of radioactive material into the body?
A. TEDE
B. Gyt
C. Gya
D. CEDE
D. CEDE
Which of the following radiation quantities can be used to compare the average amount of radiation received by the entire body from a specific radiologic examination with the amount received from natural background radiation?
A. D
B. EfD
C. EqD
D. ColEfD
B. EfD
Which of the following radiation quantities is used to describe exposure of a population or group from low doses of different sources of ionizing radiation?
A. D
B. EqD
C. CEDE
D. ColEfD
D. ColEfD
A Wr has been established for the following ionizing radiations: X-rays (Wr=1); fast neutrons (Wr=20); and alpha particles (Wr=20). What is the total EqD (in Sievert) for a person who has received the following exposures: x-rays =4Gyt; fast neutrons = 6 Gyt; and alpha particles = 3 Gyt?
A. 1.84
B. 18.4
C. 184
D. 1840
C. 184
A dimensionless factor, or multiplier, that places risk associated with biologic effects on a common scale is known as the:
A. D
B. Background time factor
C. EqD
D. Wr
D. Wr
Which of the following have similar numeric values?
1. Quality factor (Q)
2. Wr
3. Wt
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3
A. 1 and 2 only
If a patient undergoing x-ray therapy receives a total dose of 3000 rad, the dose may be recorded as when the SI system is used. Therefore, the dose will be:
A. 6000 Gy
B. 3000 centigray (cGy)
C. 300 rad
D. 30 R
B. 3000 centigray (cGy)
Which of the following types of radiation has a Wr of 20?
A. Alpha particles
B. Gamma radiation
C. Neutrons, energy <10keV
D. X-radiation
A. Alpha particles
Ten sieverts equal _____ millisieverts.
A. 10
B. 100
C. 1000
D. 10,000
D. 10,000
Which of the following is (are) equivalent to 1 rad?
1. 1/100 Sv
2. 1 centisievert (cSv)
3. 10 millisieverts (mSv)
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3
D. 1, 2, and 3
Thomas A. Edison invented th:
A. Cold cathode x-ray tube
B. Hot cathode x-ray tube
C. Fluoroscope
D. Standard ionization chamber
C. Fluoroscope
Which of the following is the SI unit for surface integral dose?
A. C/kg
B. Gya
C. Gyt
D. Gy-m2
D. Gy-m2
The ampere is the SI unit of:
A. Electrical charge
B. Electrical current
C. Electrical resistance
D. X-ray ionization in air
B. Electrical current
In the traditional system of quantities and unit, 1 rad is equivalent to an energy transfer of:
A.500 erg per gram of irradiated object
B. 300 erg per gram of irradiated object
C. 200 erg per gram of irradiated object
D. 100 erg per gram of irradiated object
D. 100 erg per gram of irradiated object
X-rays beta particles ( high-speed electrons), and gamma rays have been given a numeric adjustment value of 1 because they produce:
A. No biologic effect in body tissue for equal absorbed doses.
B. Varying degrees of biologic effect in body tissue for equal absorbed doses.
C. High-dose biologic effects in all body tissues for even the smallest dose.
D. Virtually the same biologic effect in body tissue for equal absorbed doses.
D. Virtually the same biologic effect in body tissue for equal absorbed doses.
In therapeutic radiology, which of the following units is replacing the rad for recording of absorbed dose?
A. cGy
B. milligray (mGy)
C. mSv
D. Sv
A. cGy
T/F- Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered x-rays November 8, 1895 at the University of Wurzburg in Bavaria, Germany.
True
T/F- When x-rays were discovered, a charge was being passed through a pear shaped, partial vacuum discharge tube. Light was seen emanating from a piece of paper coated with calcium tungstate that lay on the bench several feet away.
False
T/F- Cancer deaths among physicians attributed to x-ray exposure were reported as early as 1910.
True
T/F- The British X-ray and Radium Protection Committee was created in 1921 to investigate methods for reducing radiation exposure because medical professionals were alarmed by the increasing number of radiation injuries reported.
True
T/F- By the late 1950s EfD had replaced the tolerance dose for radiation protection purposes.
False
T/F- In 1991 tissue weighting factors were revised by the NCRP based on data from more recent epidemiologic studies of the Chernobyl survivors.
False
T/F- Fluoroscopic entrance exposure rates are now measured in milligray per minute (mGya/min).
True
T/F- The SI unit of absorbed dose, the gray, was named after the English radiobiologist, Dorian Gray.
False
T/F- Air Kerma actually denotes a calculation of radiation intensity in air.
True
T/F- CEDE is the SI unit used in the calculation of the radiation quantities EqD and EfD.
False
T/F- Air Kerma is replacing the traditional quantity, absorbed dose.
False
T/F- In radiation therapy, the cGy replacing the rad for recording of the D.
True
T/F-Each type and energy of radiation has a specific Wr.
True
T/F-As the intensity of x-ray exposure of an air volume increases, the number of electron-ion pairs produced decreases.
False
T/F-Absorbed energy is responsible for any biologic damage resulting from exposure of the tissues to radiation.
True
T/F-Skin erythema dose was an accurate way to measure radiation exposure because the same amount of radiation was required to produce an erythema in every patient.
False
T/F-In 1991 the ICRP revised tissue weighting factors based on data from more recent epidemiologic studies of atomic bomb survivors.
True
T/F-EfD provides a measure of the overall risk of exposure to humans from ionizing radiation.
True
T/F-The lower the atomic number of a material, the more x-ray energy it absorbs.
False
T/F- Radiation weighting factors are selected by national and international scientific advisory bodies (NCRP, ICRP) and are based on quality factors and linear energy transfer.
True
T/F- EqD for measuring biologic effects may be determined and expressed in the SI unit C/kg.
False
T/F-The concept of tolerance dose was originally developed to protect occupationally exposed persons from any apparent acute effects of radiation exposure, such as erythema.
True
T/F- Anatomic structures in the body possess the same absorption properties.
False
T/F- EfD can be expressed in Sv or mSv.
True
T/F-By the 1970s dosimetry and risk analysis had become quite sophisticated.
True
In late November 1895, _____ ______ _____ took the world's first x-ray picture on film, which clearly showed the bones of his wife's hand.
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
Many of the skin lesions on the hands and fingers of early radiologists and dentists eventually became _____ as a consequence of continued exposure to ionizing radiation.
Cancerous
Modern radiographic and fluoroscopic units have incorporated within them an ability to give a determination of the entire amount of ____ delivered to the patient by the x-ray beam.
Energy
In 1937 the traditional unit, roentgen, was accepted internationally as the unit of measurement for ____ to x-radiation and gamma radiation.
Exposure
By the 1970s growing recognition that the consequences for the health of the human body as a whole organism depended on which _____ and _____ _____ had been irradiated.
Organ; Organ systems
____ ____ is the amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by an irradiated object.
Absorbed dose
A ____ represents the quantity of electrical charge flowing past a point in a circuit in 1 second when an electrical current of 1 ampere is used.
Coulomb
X-rays, beta particles (high speed electrons), and gamma rays produce virtually the same ____ ____ in body tissue for equal absorbed doses.
Biologic Effect
Traditionally, for occupationally exposed personnel the whole body TEDE regulatory limit is ____ sieverts and ____ sieverts for the general public
0.05; 0.001
The tissue weighting factor is a conceptual measure for the relative ___ associated with irradiation of different body tissues " to account for the carcinogenic sensitivity of each organ".
Risk
The ICRU adopted SI units, a unified system of ____ units, for use with ionizing radiation in 1980.
Metric
Trade or government desk work is considered a(n) _____ occupation.
Nonhazardous
Each radiation quantity has its own special unit of _____
Measure
To change Sv to mSv, _____ the number of Sv by 1000.
Multiply
In 1921 the British X-ray and Radium Protection committee was created to investigate methods for reducing radiation exposure. The members of the committee were unable to fulfill their responsibility because they could not agree on a ______ unit of radiation exposure.
Workable
When a volume of air is irradiated with x-rays or gamma rays, the interaction that occurs between the radiation and the neutral atoms in the air, causes some electrons to be liberated from those air atoms as they are ______.
Ionized
In 1934, The U.S. Advisory Committee on X-ray and Radium Protection recommended a tolerance dose daily limit of _____ roentgen. In 1936 the committee reduced this dose to _____ roentgen per day.
0.2; 0.1
In 1937 the _____ became internationally accepted as the unit of measurement for exposure to x-radiation and gamma radiation.
Roentgen
Neither tolerance dose nor threshold dose is currently used for the purposes of radiation _____.
Safety
While performing an experiment in his laboratory, the person who discovered x-ray passed electricity through a ____ _____ that this individual had covered with a shield made of black cardboard.
Crooke's Tube
____ _____ _____ was instrumental in developing the most important theory in all radiation dosimetry.
Louis Harold Gray
____ _____ _____ is best known for his method for determining the exposure rates at various points near linear radium sources (tubes)
Rolf Maximillian Sievert
For precise measurement of radiation exposure in radiography, the total number of ______ an xray beam produces in a known mass of air must be obtained.
Ionization
A standard, or free air, ionization changer contains a known amount of air with precisely measured ____, ____ , and _____.
Temperature; Pressure; Humidity
The amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by the irradiated object is the definition of:
A. D
B. EfD
C. EqD
D. X
A. D
The effective atomic number of bone is:
A. 7.4
B. 7.6
C. 13.8
D. 20
C. 13.8
Which of the following are early deterministic somatic effects of ionizing radiation?
1. Diffuse redness of the skin
2. Blood and intestinal disorders
3. Nausea and vomiting
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, and 3
D. 1, 2, and 3
Radiation Type: X-Ray and Gama ray photons and electrons (every energy)
Radiation Weighting Factor (WR) ____
1
Radiation Type: Neutrons, Energy, <10keV
Radiation Weighting Factor (WR) ____
5
Radiation Type: Alpha Particles
Radiation Weighting Factor (WR) ____
20
Chapter 4, Exercise 6, SectionC
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