argument: definition, definition by negation, reciprocity, residues, quasi-syllogism, models. appeals: american values, religious values, pathos (child), created audience, language of obligation, argument from history (precedent). language: parallel structure, metaphor, allusion, imperative, contrast, identification evidence, comparative statistics, refutative examples, extended example, persona, charts, refutation, comparative advantages, pilot example, climax construction, narrative. understatement, repetition, memorialization, paradox, definition, forced choice, citation of king, metaphor-stain, personal narrative/identification, transcendence, maxim, parallel structure, action step, summary. ;