Upgrade to remove ads
Only $2.99/month

Chapter 18 - Conquest and Survival

Terms in this set (53)

Treaty of Fort Laramie
acknowledged U.S. defeat in 1868 Great Sioux War and supposedly guaranteed the Sioux land, Treaty under which government agreed to close Bozeman trail, and Sioux agreed to live on reserve along Missouri River. The Sioux were forced into this treaty. The treaty was only a temporary to warfare between Native Americans and Whites.
Nez Perce
originally were friends with whites but discovery of gold in land led to being pushed put by miners, in 1877 Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce Nation surrendered to units of the U.S. Cavalry. Before this retreat the Nez Perce fought a cunning strategic retreat toward refuge in Canada from about 2,000 Army soldiers. This surrender, after fighting 13 battles and going about 1,600 miles toward Canada, marked the last great battle between the U.S. government and an Indian nation
Caminetti Act
1893 giving state power to regulate mines
Edmunds Act
1882 disenfranchised those who believed or practice polygamy and threatened them with fines and imprisonment
Edmunds-Tucker Act
1887 destroyed temporal power of Mormons and confiscated all assets over $50,000, federal commission established to oversee Utah elections
Hispanic- American Alliance
formed to protect rights of Spanish Americans
Mutualistes
(mutual aid soceities) provided sickness and death benefits to Mexican Families
Homestead Act of 1862
granted 160 acres to any settler who lived on the land for 5 years and improved it
Morrill Act of 1862
land grant colleges acquired space to institute agricultural programs
Timber Culture Act
allotted homesteaders add'l 160 acres for planting and cultivating 40 acres of trees, speculators sold land with planting trees because could not be assessed for 13 years
Grand Land Revision Act of 1891
gave president power to establish forests reserves to protect watersheds against threats posed by lumbering, overgrazing, and forest fires
Forest Management Act
1897 set Nat'l gov't on path of regulatory activities
Omaha Act of 1882
establishment of individual title to tribal lands, advocated by Alice Fletcher, Indian enthographer
Indian Removal Act
Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
Marshall ruled that the Cherokee had "an unquestionable right" to their lands, but they were "not a foreign state, in the sense of the Constitution" but rather a "domestic, dependent nation" and so could not sue in a United States court over Georgia's voiding their right to self-rule. Was a blow to the Cherokee case, it cast doubt on the constitutionality of Indian Removal Act.
Medicine Lodge Treaty
The Plains Indians would have to live on reservations, learn to farm rather than roam the prairies, and learn and live the white man's way of life. The Indians in return would be protected from white hunters, receive food and clothing, and have its own reservation.
Sand Creek Massacre
In Colorado territory in 1864, U.S army colonel John M. Chivington led a surprise attack on a peaceful Cheyenne settlement along Sand Creek River. The Cheyenne under Chief Black kettle tried to surrender. Chivington ignored the gestures. The U.S army killed about 200 Cheyenne during the conflict
Red Cloud
This Oglala Sioux Warrior and Indian Chief fought the U.S. Army during the Great Sioux War of 1865-1867 to a stalemate and forced the government to abandon its forts, which the Sioux then burned to the ground.
Treaty of Fort Laramie
Hoping to ensure peace, the federal government negotiated this treaty in 1851. eight native American groups agreed to specific geographical boundaries, while the U.S. promised that these territories would belong to the Native Americans forever
Custer's Last Stand
Custer pursuing Sioux Indians, but underestimated their force. His whole group was killed in the Battle of Little Bighorn., at the Battle of Little Bighorn: Custer and men defeated by 2500 Sioux warriors
, The defeat of Colonel George A. Custer and his cavalry detachment by a large
force of Native Americans at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876. Custer had been pursuing a
group of Sioux, led by Sitting Bull, who had risen in arms against settlement of the country. Custer
foolishly underestimated the size and ability of the Sioux forces, who were supported by Cheyenne
warriors. Custer and all of the soldiers in his column were killed
Chief Joseph
Lead the Nez Perce during the hostilities between the tribe and the U.S. Army in 1877. His speech "I Will Fight No More Forever" mourned the young Indian men killed in the fighting., chief of the Wallowa band of the Nez Perce and one of the leaders of Native American resistance to white encroachment in the western United States. He decided to lead several hundred people on a march to find refuge in Canada. But he was stopped short. 5: 1865-1900
Comstock Lode
First discovered in 1858 by Henry Comstock, some of the most plentiful and valuable silver was found here, causing many Californians to migrate here, and settle Nevada.
United States v. Reynolds
(1879) The Court declared polygamy marriages unlawful.
Edmunds Act
Passed in 1882 by Congress, this effectively disfranchised those who believed in or practiced polygamy and threatened them with fines and imprisonment.
Edmunds-Tucker Act
This act, passed in 1887, destroyed the temporal power of the Mormon church by confiscating all assets over $50,000 and establishing a federal commission to oversee all elections in the territory.
Gadsden Purchase
The 1853 treaty in which the United States bought from Mexico parts of what is now southern Arizona and southern New Mexico. Southerners wanted this land in order to build southern transcontinental railroad., The Gadsden Purchase was the 1853 treaty in which the United States bought from Mexico parts of what is now southern Arizona and southern New Mexico. Southerners wanted this land in order to build southern transcontinental railroad. The heated debate over this issue in the Senate demonstrates the prevalence of sectional disagreement.
The Great Desert
Aka the Great Plains. Massive improvement in transportation and farming technology., Myth created by Zebulon Pike, who explored western parts of US, about the Great Plains as nothing more than desert of possibilities (nothing's going to grow). He was proven wrong as cattle migrated from Texas into the Great Basin while Californians followed the mines to the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada's. Finally the transcontinental railroad propelled upper midwestern farmers in the present grain-belt to move west into more hostile but more plentiful lands.
Homestead Act of 1862
Allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30. Instead of public land being sold primarily for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm.
Horace Greeley
An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper in 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms.
Morrill Act of 1862
This Act was to encourage more settlers into the Great Plains (passed along with the Homestead Act of 1862). The Act set aside land and provided money for agricultural college which allowed, eventually, for agricultural to become industrialized
National Reclamation Act
Roosevelt backed this act which provided federal funds for the construction of dams, reservoirs, and canals in the West, projects that would open new lands for cultivation and, years later, provide cheap electric power.
Buffalo Bill Cody
This former pony express rider and Indian fighter and hero of popular dime novels for children traveled around the U.S. and Europe and put on popular Wild West shows. The shows included re-enactments of Indian battles and displays of horsemanship and rifles.
Frederick Remington
An American painter, illustrator, sculptor, and writer who specialized in depictions of the American West. Artist who accompanied the USV during the Spanish-American War.
Helen Hunt Jackson
Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans., A writer. Author of the 1881 book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans. For example the government wanted Native Americans to assimilate, i.e. give up their beliefs and ways of life, that way to become part of the white culture.
Dawes Severalty Act
Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, ineffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes., The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, and set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres. If the Indians behaved like "good white settlers" then they would get full title to their holdings as well as citizenship. The Dawes Act attempted to assimilate the Indians with the white men. The Dawes Act remained the basis of the government's official Indian policy until the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934.
Wounded Knee
In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered., Last notable armed conflict btw. US troops and Native Americans 1890 -Occurred after a Sioux holy man named Wewoka developed a religious ritual caused the Ghost Dance -believed this dance would bring back the buffalo and return Native Americans to their land - alarmed white settlers and caused great concern so govt sent in US army -army believed that the Sioux leader Sitting Bull was using the Ghost Dance to start an uprising -when soldiers tried to arrest Sitting Bull, a gunfight resulted in the deaths of 14 people, including Sitting Bull -soldiers then pursued the Sioux to Wounded Knee Creek -when a shot rang out, the soldiers started firing -before it was over more than 150 Native American men, women, and children, most of whom were unarmed, were dead
Sand Creek Massacre
the near annihilation in 1864 of Black Kettle's Cheyenne band by Colorado troops under Colonel John Chivington's orders to "kill and scalp all, big and little.", In Colorado territory i Chivington led a surprise attack on a peaceful Cheyenne settlement along Sand Creek River. The Cheyenne under Chief Black kettle tried to surrender. First he waved the America Flag and the White flag of surrender. Chivington ignored the gestures. The U.S army killed about 200 Cheyenne during the conflict
Treaty of Fort Laramie
the treaty acknowledging US defeat in the Great Sioux War in 1868 and supposedly guaranteeing the Sioux perpetual land and hunting rights in South Dakota, Wyoming and Montana, was signed on September 17 between United States treaty commissioners and representatives of the Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Crow, Shoshone, Assiniboine, Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara nations. The U.S. government promised control of the Great Plains which was the bulk of Native American territory, for "as long as the river flows and the eagle flies"., Treaty under which government agreed to close Bozeman trail, and Sioux agreed to live on reserve along Missouri River. The Sioux were forced into this treaty. The treaty was only a temporary to warfare between Native Americans and Whites.
Caminetti Act
1893 act giving the state the power to regulate the mines. rather than individual control, Also created the Sacramento River Commission, which began to replace the free-flowing rivers with canals and dams, Underground mining continued unregulated, using up whole forests for timbers and filling the air with dangerous, sulfurous smoke., 1893attempted to get workers better conditions. did little and underground mining remained the same as before
Edmunds Act
passed in 1882 by Congress, this effectively disfranchised those who believed in or practiced polygamy and threatened them with fines and imprisonment
Edmunds-Tucker Act
this act passed in 1887 destroyed the temporal power of the Mormon church by confiscating all assets over $50,000 and establishing a federal commission to oversee all elections in the Utah territory, Dispute between Congress and LDS Church regarding Polygamy. Act dis-incorporated the Church and the Perpetual Immigration Fund. Confiscated all church properties valued over $50,000, and fined polygamists $500 to $800, with 5 yrs in prison.
Hispanic-American Alliance
organization formed to protect and fight for the rights of Spanish Americans, This was an organization formed to protect and fight for the rights of Spanish Americans. Mutual aid societies provided sickness and death benefits to Mexican families., An organization formed in 1894 by Mexicanos (Americans who became Americans when the US took territory from Mexico). Its goal was "to protect and fight for the rights of Spanish Americans" by political action.
Lynching
Execution, usually by a mob, without trial, The practice of an angry mob hanging a percieved criminal without regard to due process. In the South, blacks who did not behave as the inferiors to whites might be lynched by white mobs.
Homestead Act of 1862
1862 act which granted a quarter section (160 acres) of the public domain free to any settler who lived on the land for at least five years and improved it, Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30 - instead of public land being sold primarily for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm, turned out to be a cruel hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation, many farms were repo'd or failed until "dry farming" took root on the plains , then wheat, then massive irrigation projects, Act that allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160 acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal fee of about $30 - instead of public land being sold primarily for revenue, it was now being given away to encourage a rapid filling of empty spaces and to provide a stimulus to the family farm, turned out to be a cruel hoax because the land given to the settlers usually had terrible soil and the weather included no precipitation, many farms were repo'd or failed until "dry farming" took root on the plains , then wheat, then massive irrigation projects.
Morrill Act of 1862
Act by which "land-grant" colleges acquired space for campuses in return for promising to institute agricultural programs, another one of the Government's acts worked to encourage more settlers into the Great Plains (passed along with the Homestead Act of 1862). the Act set aside land and provided money for agricultural colleges, eventually, agricultural science became a huge industry
Timber Culture Act
1873 act, which allotted homesteaders an additional 160 acres of land in return for planting and cultivating 40 acres of trees.to grow trees to solve the problem of lack of wood on the Great Plains. After planting the trees the land could only be completely obtained if it was occupied by the same family for at least 5 years, Timber was needed to sell and use for building materials. This timber would provide them with wood for fires and building. It would also act as a wind break reducing the problem of the strong winds on the plains.
National Reclamation Act
1902, added 1 million acres of irrigated land to the United States, backed by Roosevelt in 1902, it provided federal funds for the construction of damns, reservoirs, and canals in the West—projects that would open new lands for cultivation and provide cheap electric power later on., 1902 law that gave the federal government the power to decide where and how water would be distributed through the bulding and managment of dams and irrigation projects, WHO: RooseveltWHAT: it provided federal funds for the
construction of damns, reservoirs, and canals in the West
WHEN: 1902WHERE: West USWHY: These products would open new lands for cultivation and provide cheap electric power in the future
General Land Revision Act of 1891
act which gave the president the power to establish forest reserves to protect watersheds against the threats posed by lumbering, overgrazing, and forest fires., Gave the president the authority to "set aside and reserve...any part of the public lands wholly or partly covered with timber or undergrowth, whether of commercial value or not." However, it did not explicitly authorize the use or development of resources on the reserved lands.
Forest Management Act
1879 act which, along with the National Reclamation Act, set the federal government on the path of large-scale regulatory activities., 1897 that set the federal government on the right path towards regulating large-scale activities. trees could be cut down in old age, but the agency had permission to lower that age when it saw fit; and timber could be harvested only at an even rate.
Omaha Act of 1882
Act which allowed the establishment of individual title to tribal lands, Act which allowed the establishment of individual title to Indian lands. Original ideas for the draft came from Alice Fletcher
Dawes Severalty Act
An 1887 law terminating tribal ownership of land and allotting some parcels of land to individual Indians with the remainder opened for white settlement., 1887,Also called the General Allotment Act, it tried to dissolve Indian tribes by redistributing the land. Designed to forestall growing Indian proverty, it resulted in many Indians losing their lands to speculators., Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture. The bill was resisted, uneffective, and disastrous to Indian tribes, 1887, dismantled American Indian tribes, set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres, tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians, attempt to assimilate the Indian population into that of the American
Vertical Integration
the consolidation of numerous production functions, from the extraction of the raw materials to the distribution and marketing of the finished products, under the direction of the firm, beginnings of trusts (destruction of competition); vertical- controlling every aspect of production (control quality, eliminate middlemen - Rockefeller); horizontal- consolidating with competitors to monopolize a market (highly detrimental)Vertical (or horizontal) integration means that the assets that were previously held by two firms are combined into a single firm.The result is either joint ownership or the sale of one firm's assets to the other.
Horizontal Combination
The merger of competitors in the same industry., Strategy of business growth that attempts to stifle competition by combining more than one firm involved in the same level of production, transportation, or distribution into a single firm.
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...